Role of NOD2 in regulating the immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus

Li, Zhuozhe; Tao, Lili; Zhang, Jing; Zhang, Huijun; Jian, Qu

doi:10.1007/s00011-012-0456-4

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Protection of the immunocompetent host from systemic infections by unencapsulated pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus is facilitated by the innate immune system, initiated after binding of pattern recognition receptors including the C-type lectin receptors, Dectin-1 [ 102 ], pentraxin-3 [ 103 ], Toll-like receptors (principally TLR2/6, TLR4 and TLR9) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors [ 104 , 105 ]. Exposed fungal cell wall constituents such as β-glucans are readily recognized, resulting in inflammation and control of these fungal infections in normal human hosts.…”

Section: Function Follows Form: Capsule Alters Host Immune Responsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their Bacterial Counterparts

Park

Williamson

2015

JoF

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Pathogens reduce immune recognition of their cell surfaces using a variety of inert structural polysaccharides. For example, capsular polysaccharides play critical roles in microbial survival strategies. Capsules are widely distributed among bacterial species, but relatively rare in eukaryotic microorganisms, where they have evolved considerable complexity in structure and regulation and are exemplified by that of the HIV/AIDS-related fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Endemic fungi that affect normal hosts such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis have also evolved protective polysaccharide coverings in the form of immunologically inert α-(1,3)-glucan polysaccharides to protect their more immunogenic β-(1,3)-glucan-containing cell walls. In this review we provide a comparative update on bacterial and fungal capsular structures and immunogenic properties as well as the polysaccharide masking strategies of endemic fungal pathogens.

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Section: Function Follows Form: Capsule Alters Host Immune Responsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their Bacterial Counterparts

Park

Williamson

2015

JoF

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“…NOD2 is also expressed by a human corneal epithelial cell line, especially after activation with A. fumigatus conidia, which then triggers the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF- α and IL-8 through the NF- κ B pathway [129]. Similarly, the stimulation of a macrophage cell line with A. fumigatus conidia resulted in significantly increased expression of NOD2, RIP2 and NF- κ B with the production of proinflammatory cytokines in a NOD2-dependent manner [130]. Therefore, this initial innate detection of A. fumigatus triggers important events for fungal control and clearance such as the production of inflammatory mediators, recruitment, and activation of immune cells.…”

Section: Host Response To Aspergillus Fumigatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immune Interplay between the Host and the Pathogen inAspergillus fumigatusLung Infection

Sales‐Campos

Tonani

Cardoso

et al. 2013

BioMed Research International

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The interplay between Aspergillus fumigatus and the host immune response in lung infection has been subject of studies over the last years due to its importance in immunocompromised patients. The multifactorial virulence factors of A. fumigatus are related to the fungus biological characteristics, for example, structure, ability to grow and adapt to high temperatures and stress conditions, besides capability of evading the immune system and causing damage to the host. In this context, the fungus recognition by the host innate immunity occurs when the pathogen disrupts the natural and chemical barriers followed by the activation of acquired immunity. It seems clear that a Th1 response has a protective role, whereas Th2 reactions are often associated with higher fungal burden, and Th17 response is still controversial. Furthermore, a fine regulation of the effector immunity is required to avoid excessive tissue damage associated with fungal clearance, and this role could be attributed to regulatory T cells. Finally, in this work we reviewed the aspects involved in the complex interplay between the host immune response and the pathogen virulence factors, highlighting the immunological issues and the importance of its better understanding to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for invasive lung aspergillosis.

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“…NLRs are generally subdivided in two categories: NOD1 and NOD2 are the main intracellular receptors for peptidoglycans, whereas the function of the members of the NLRP subfamily is mainly in the formation of the inflammasome. NOD2 is upregulated after exposure to A. fumigatus , and recently it was reported that NOD2 recognizes A. fumigatus, which subsequently results in the activation of NF‐κB 33 . However, individuals completely deficient in NOD2 and suffering from Crohn's disease 34 do not show an increased susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis.…”

Section: Nod‐like Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern recognition receptors and their role in invasive aspergillosis

Gresnigt

Netea

Veerdonk

2012

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are germline receptors that recognize conserved structures on microorganisms. Several PRRs have been identified in the recent years that are involved in the immune response against Aspergillus fumigatus. The role of PRRs in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis becomes especially apparent in the setting of an immunocompromised status of the host because of the redundancy of many PRRs in the host defense against A. fumigatus. Studies that investigated the PRRs and their effector pathways in invasive aspergillosis have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. This knowledge may pave the way for novel diagnostic and immunomodulatory treatment strategies that are needed to overcome the high mortality associated with invasive A. fumigatus infection in immunocompromised patients.

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Role of NOD2 in regulating the immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus

Abstract: These results suggested that Af conidia induced NF-κB activation in a NOD2-dependent manner, which potentially contributed to the innate immune response.

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their Bacterial Counterparts

Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their Bacterial Counterparts

The Immune Interplay between the Host and the Pathogen inAspergillus fumigatusLung Infection

Pattern recognition receptors and their role in invasive aspergillosis

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