2017
DOI: 10.1002/2016gl071971
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Role of nonlinear ocean dynamic response to wind on the asymmetrical transition of El Niño and La Niña

Abstract: To understand why El Niño is frequently followed by La Niña while the opposite occurs rarely, we analyze the inherent asymmetry in a delayed negative feedback loop in the framework of delayed oscillator theory using observational data. The asymmetrical response of the ocean wave to wind is much larger than that of the wind intensity to sea surface temperature (SST) and that of the subsurface temperature to thermocline. Strong oceanic response during El Niño compared to La Niña is presumably due to the relative… Show more

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Cited by 50 publications
(59 citation statements)
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References 27 publications
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“…As shown in Table , all of the calculated β are positive and less than 1, consistent with the above analyses that significant nonlinearities exist between SST‐Tauu‐Z20. Interestingly, similar to An and Kim (), the calculated β 2 has the largest value, followed by β 3 and then β 1 , indicating the stronger magnitude of nonlinear oceanic feedbacks than that of atmospheric feedback. However, we will demonstrate that the relative magnitude of these β values is irrelevant to their relative contribution to ENSO nonlinearity, and the atmospheric feedback dominates over the oceanic counterparts.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 79%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…As shown in Table , all of the calculated β are positive and less than 1, consistent with the above analyses that significant nonlinearities exist between SST‐Tauu‐Z20. Interestingly, similar to An and Kim (), the calculated β 2 has the largest value, followed by β 3 and then β 1 , indicating the stronger magnitude of nonlinear oceanic feedbacks than that of atmospheric feedback. However, we will demonstrate that the relative magnitude of these β values is irrelevant to their relative contribution to ENSO nonlinearity, and the atmospheric feedback dominates over the oceanic counterparts.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 79%
“…To quantitatively measure the nonlinearity existent in the SST‐Tauu‐Z20 coupled process, we define a normalized asymmetricity following An and Kim () as follows: βi=SPSNSP+SN1.75em()i=1,2,3, where S P and S N denote the slopes obtained by the least squares method for positive‐only and negative‐only cases, respectively. β 1 represents the nonlinear response of Tauu to SST (Figure c), β 2 signifies the Z20 nonlinearity in response to previous Tauu (Figure f) and β 3 expresses the nonlinear relationship between SST and Z20 (Figure i).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The β h is basically affected by two factors: ocean stratification and wind stress pattern/intensity (i.e., its zonal and meridional shape) [e.g., An and Kang, 2001;Chen et al, 2015;Im et al, 2015;An and Kim, 2017]. The β h is basically affected by two factors: ocean stratification and wind stress pattern/intensity (i.e., its zonal and meridional shape) [e.g., An and Kang, 2001;Chen et al, 2015;Im et al, 2015;An and Kim, 2017].…”
Section: Geophysical Research Lettersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is because apart from the wind intensity, the oceanic wave response depends on the horizontal wind stress pattern [Im et al, 2015;An and Kim, 2017]. Here β h was computed by using the zonal mean equatorial wind stress and the equatorial zonal contrast of thermocline depth anomalies between the eastern and western Pacific.…”
Section: Geophysical Research Lettersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Linear regression and principle component analysis yield almost identical linear fits. In Figure , following An and Kim (), the asymmetry index is defined as Asym=SpSnSp+Sn where S p ( S n ) is the slope of the red (blue) best fit lines calculated using data with the positive‐only (negative‐only) values in the horizontal axis. Figure displays the relationships after normalizing variables by their standard deviations, while Figures b and e show the relationships in physical units.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%