Role of Oncogenes and Tumor-suppressor Genes in Carcinogenesis: A Review

Kontomanolis, Emmanuel N; Koutras, Antonios; Syllaios, Athanasios; Schizas, Dimitrios; Mastoraki, Aikaterini; Garmpis, Nikolaos; Diakosavvas, Michail; Angelou, Kyveli; Tsatsaris, Georgios; Pagkalos, Athanasios; Ntounis, Thomas; Fasoulakis, Zacharias

doi:10.21873/anticanres.14622

Cited by 211 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In normal cells, adequate glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio converts the hydrogen peroxide to water. When the glutathione ratio decreases, the hydrogen peroxide is converted to hydroxyl radical (OH • ), which is a very reactive radical that leads to DNA damage and mutations in tumor suppressor genes, an initial critical event that triggers carcinogenesis [60]. At least three stages characterize the development of cancer: initiation, promotion, and progression.…”

Section: Flavonoids and Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavonoids: A Myth or a Reality for Cancer Therapy?

et al. 2021

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Nutraceuticals are biologically active molecules present in foods; they can have beneficial effects on health, but they are not available in large enough quantities to perform this function. Plant metabolites, such as polyphenols, are widely diffused in the plant kingdom, where they play fundamental roles in plant development and interactions with the environment. Among these, flavonoids are of particular interest as they have significant effects on human health. In vitro and/or in vivo studies described flavonoids as essential nutrients for preventing several diseases. They display broad and promising bioactivities to fight cancer, inflammation, bacterial infections, as well as to reduce the severity of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases or diabetes. Therefore, it is not surprising that interest in flavonoids has sharply increased in recent years. More than 23,000 scientific publications on flavonoids have described the potential anticancer activity of these natural molecules in the last decade. Studies, in vitro and in vivo, show that flavonoids exhibit anticancer properties, and many epidemiological studies confirm that dietary intake of flavonoids leads to a reduced risk of cancer. This review provides a glimpse of the mechanisms of action of flavonoids on cancer cells.

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Section: Flavonoids and Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavonoids: A Myth or a Reality for Cancer Therapy?

et al. 2021

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“…It's well known that tumor-suppressive genes play a major role in the normal growth and differentiation of the cell and block the development of cancer (28). However, mutations, deletions or inactivation of tumor-suppressive genes lead to cancers (28). We speculate that the decreased expression of these genes in tumors is associated with the occurrence of tumors, while their expression increased with tumor progression is associated with tumor progression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Different roles of tumor-suppressive genes in different biological processes may explain this phenomenon. It's well known that tumor-suppressive genes play a major role in the normal growth and differentiation of the cell and block the development of cancer (28). However, mutations, deletions or inactivation of tumor-suppressive genes lead to cancers (28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Hub Genes Associated With Progression and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis.

Liu

Sheng

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the most popular malignant carcinomas in genitourinary system which has a high incidence and is prone to relapse. However, the molecular mechanism of BLCA remains to be unclear. Moreover, there is still a shortage of effective biomarkers that can predict progression and prognosis of BLCA. The objective of current study is to screen significant genes as biomarkers to forecast the progression and prognosis of BLCA patients.Methods: Gene expression profile downloaded from TCGA database and GEO database was used. Differential gene expression analysis and WGCNA were conducted to identify differential co-expression genes. In addition, GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were used to explore the functions of these genes. Moreover, PPI network, OS and DFS were used to identify survival-related hub genes. Finally, the expression levels of these genes were validated by qRT-PCR and HPA database.Results: About 124 differential co-expression genes were identified. And these genes were mainly enriched in muscle system process and muscle contraction (BP), contractile fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, focal adhesion and cell-substrate junction (CC) and actin binding (MF) in GO enrichment analysis, while enriched in vascular smooth muscle contraction, focal adhesion, cardiac muscle contraction, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy and regulation of actin cytoskeleton in KEGG analysis. Furthermore, five survival-related hub genes (MYH11, ACTA2, CALD1, TPM1, MYLK) were identified via overall OS and DFS. In addition, the expression levels of the five survival-related genes were upregulated with the procession of BLCA, such as grade, stage and TNM stage. Finally, all survival-related hub genes were found to be down-regulated in BLCA via qRT-PCR and HPA database.Conclusions: Our current study verified five new key genes in BLCA, which could help us better understand the pathogenesis of BLCA. And these five hub genes may be involved in the development and progression of BLCA and served as potential biomarkers.

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“…The genes that mainly contributed to development of cancer fall into three broad categories, involving proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes. The proto-oncogenes (normal version of genes), when activated or mutated, become oncogenes (mutated version of genes) and produce various onco-proteins that can affect cell division, proliferation and survival, and results in cancer development [ 17 , 18 ]. A few of the many known proto-oncogenes include HER-2/neu, RAS, MYC, SRC, BCL-2 and hTERT , and these genes or their product modulate cellular cycle or control normal cell division or apoptosis cell division [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Genome Instability: a Basic Mechanism In Cancer Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Biosynthesized Metallic Nanoparticles as a Promising Anti-Cancer-Strategy

Andleeb

Asghar

et al. 2021

Cancers

105

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Cancer is one of the foremost causes of death worldwide. Cancer develops because of mutation in genes that regulate normal cell cycle and cell division, thereby resulting in uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells. Various drugs have been used to treat cancer thus far; however, conventional chemotherapeutic drugs have lower bioavailability, rapid renal clearance, unequal delivery, and severe side effects. In the recent years, nanotechnology has flourished rapidly and has a multitude of applications in the biomedical field. Bio-mediated nanoparticles (NPs) are cost effective, safe, and biocompatible and have got substantial attention from researchers around the globe. Due to their safe profile and fewer side effects, these nanoscale materials offer a promising cure for cancer. Currently, various metallic NPs have been designed to cure or diagnose cancer; among these, silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are the leading anti-cancer NPs. The anticancer potential of these NPs is attributed to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cellular compartments that eventually leads to activation of autophagic, apoptotic and necrotic death pathways. In this review, we summarized the recent advancements in the biosynthesis of Ag, Au, Zn and Cu NPs with emphasis on their mechanism of action. Moreover, nanotoxicity, as well as the future prospects and opportunities of nano-therapeutics, are also highlighted.

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Role of Oncogenes and Tumor-suppressor Genes in Carcinogenesis: A Review

Cited by 211 publications

References 33 publications

Flavonoids: A Myth or a Reality for Cancer Therapy?

Flavonoids: A Myth or a Reality for Cancer Therapy?

Identification of Hub Genes Associated With Progression and Prognosis of Bladder Cancer by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis.

A Systematic Review of Biosynthesized Metallic Nanoparticles as a Promising Anti-Cancer-Strategy

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