Role of pathogen-laden expiratory droplet dispersion and natural ventilation explaining a COVID-19 outbreak in a coach bus

Luo, Qiqi; Ou, Cuiyun; Hang, Jian; Luo, Zhiwen; Yang, Hongyu; Xia, Yang; Zhang, Xuelin; Li, Yuguo; Fan, Xiaodan

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109160

Cited by 40 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Although previous studies have investigated the dispersion of droplet aerosols exhaled by occupants in various indoor environments, such as fever clinics [ 17 ], operating rooms [ 18 ], coach buses [ 19 ], and normal rooms [ 7 ], research on the infection risk in elevators is limited. The results reveal that the ventilation mode can significantly affect the dispersion of droplet aerosols in the elevator cabin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transmission risk of respiratory diseases is much higher in indoor environments than in outdoor environments [ 16 ]. Previous studies investigated the spread of droplet aerosols in various indoor environments, such as fever clinics [ 17 ], operating rooms [ 18 ], and coach buses [ 19 ]. It was found that droplets smaller than 30 μm were almost unaffected by gravity and inertia, and droplet transport was mainly affected by the indoor flow field [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Transmission of droplet aerosols in an elevator cabin: Effect of the ventilation mode

Feng

2023

Building and Environment

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of droplet aerosols in an elevator cabin: Effect of the ventilation mode

Feng

2023

Building and Environment

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“…In order to reduce the geometric complexity of the model, human features can be simplified in favour of a simplified body having roughly the same surface area of an average height person, to mimic seated and/or standing positions, as done in numerous studies [ 22 , [41] , [42] , [43] ].…”

Section: Methodology Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A CFD-based framework to assess airborne infection risk in buildings

Vita

Woolf²,

Avery-Hickmott³

et al. 2023

Building and Environment

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“…Recent studies also investigated airflows in ventilated environments using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a tracer gas (Linge et al 2022 ; Wang et al 2022 ). Luo et al ( 2022 ) used ethane as a tracer gas to investigate respiratory droplet dispersion in a coach bus. The main advantage of tracer gas is the ease of visualization of droplets.…”

Section: Experimental Methods To Analyze Droplet Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main advantage of tracer gas is the ease of visualization of droplets. However, the drawback is that the technique can only be adopted for visualizing the dispersion of fine droplets in the submicron range, e.g., 0.1–0.7 µm (Luo et al 2022 ).…”

Section: Experimental Methods To Analyze Droplet Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms controlling the transport and evaporation of human exhaled respiratory droplets containing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a review

et al. 2023

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Transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 is still ongoing despite mass vaccination, lockdowns, and other drastic measures to control the pandemic. This is due partly to our lack of understanding on the multiphase flow mechanics that control droplet transport and viral transmission dynamics. Various models of droplet evaporation have been reported, yet there is still limited knowledge about the influence of physicochemical parameters on the transport of respiratory droplets carrying the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Here we review the effects of initial droplet size, environmental conditions, virus mutation, and non-volatile components on droplet evaporation and dispersion, and on virus stability. We present experimental and computational methods to analyze droplet transport, and factors controlling transport and evaporation. Methods include thermal manikins, flow techniques, aerosol-generating techniques, nucleic acid-based assays, antibody-based assays, polymerase chain reaction, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, field-effect transistor-based assay, and discrete and gas-phase modeling. Controlling factors include environmental conditions, turbulence, ventilation, ambient temperature, relative humidity, droplet size distribution, non-volatile components, evaporation and mutation. Current results show that medium-sized droplets, e.g., 50 µm, are sensitive to relative humidity. Medium-sized droplets experience delayed evaporation at high relative humidity, and increase airborne lifetime and travel distance. By contrast, at low relative humidity, medium-sized droplets quickly shrink to droplet nuclei and follow the cough jet. Virus inactivation within a few hours generally occurs at temperatures above 40 °C, and the presence of viral particles in aerosols impedes droplet evaporation.

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Role of pathogen-laden expiratory droplet dispersion and natural ventilation explaining a COVID-19 outbreak in a coach bus

Cited by 40 publications

References 67 publications

Transmission of droplet aerosols in an elevator cabin: Effect of the ventilation mode

Transmission of droplet aerosols in an elevator cabin: Effect of the ventilation mode

A CFD-based framework to assess airborne infection risk in buildings

Mechanisms controlling the transport and evaporation of human exhaled respiratory droplets containing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a review

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