Role of piperonyl butoxide in the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Xenopus laevis

El-Merhibi, Adaweyah; Kumar, Anu; Smeaton, Timothy C.

doi:10.1016/s0147-6513(03)00082-4

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Studies with H. azteca, Chironomus tentans, Daphnia dubia, D. magna, Daphnia pulex, and Ceriodaphnia dubia support the thesis that PBO reduces the toxicity of OP that undergo metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 (diazinon, chlorpyrifos, azinphos methyl, parathion, methyl parathion, and malathion) and does not affect the toxicity of compounds that do not require metabolic activation (dichlorvos, chlorfenvinphos, and mevinphos) [99][100][101]. Tripathi and Agarwal [88] demonstrated that mixtures of dichlorvos with piperonyl butoxide acted synergistically when given together in a 1:5 ratio to the toxicity and in vivo inhibition of AChE in the snail Lymnaea acuminate.…”

Section: Piperonil Butoxidementioning

confidence: 74%

Cholinesterase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities in freshwater invertebrates as biomarkers to assess pesticide contamination

Domingues

Agra

Monaghan

et al. 2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

130

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Abstract-Studies investigating the use of biomarkers in pesticide risk assessment have greatly increased in recent years; however, issues concerning the ecological meaning of enzymatic responses have proved controversial. Ideally a good biomarker response should be modulated by the environmental contaminants alone and demonstrate a predictable behavior towards certain types of toxins. As these premises are rarely observed, the present study aims to outline research that has contributed to an understanding of the behavior of two widely used biomarkers, cholinesterase and glutathione-S-transferase, describing environmental and biotic factors that affect their response in freshwater invertebrates. Studies were performed in the main classes of aquatic invertebrates with these biomarkers and conclusions were reached concerning their behavior towards the main classes of pesticides. Links between biomarker responses and conventional endpoints were evaluated so that ecological relevance could be attributed to enzymatic responses. Toxicity of mixtures was investigated, and cases of synergism and antagonism were pointed out as factors changing the expected toxicity of aquatic systems and leading to misinterpretations of biomarker responses. Finally, the use of biomarkers as a tool for biomonitoring and in situ assays was investigated, with discussion of advantages and disadvantages of their use.

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Section: Piperonil Butoxidementioning

confidence: 74%

Cholinesterase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities in freshwater invertebrates as biomarkers to assess pesticide contamination

Domingues

Agra

Monaghan

et al. 2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

130

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“…115) In the flow-through exposure of parathion, the detection of paraoxon in the exposure water but not in tadpole R. catesbeiana indicated its rapid depuration after oxidative metabolism. 46) Any GSH conjugate has not yet been detected as in other aquatic species, 10) although the GST activity is known to be enhanced by exposure to chemicals.…”

Section: Metabolism Of Chemicals Including Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconcentration and metabolism of pesticides and industrial chemicals in the frog

Katagi

Ose

2014

J. Pestic. Sci.

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Exposure to pesticide residues is claimed to be one of the possible causes of frog decline. Knowledge of basic information on the uptake, metabolism and depuration processes of pesticides in the frog is needed to understand the relationship between exposure and toxic effects from their actual body burden, together with their bioconcentration. The hydrophobicity of pesticides and industrial chemicals was one of the most important factors controlling bioconcentration, similarly to fish, when frogs are exposed to contaminated water. Skin absorption was also a key route in the uptake process especially in the adult frog. The metabolic profiles in the frog, mainly examined by an intraperitoneal injection technique, were common to other aquatic species without any frog-specific transformation reaction. The effects of developmental stage, sex, species and environmental factors such as temperature were observed for bioconcentration and metabolism.

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“…While this can occur in the environment (Mackay et al 2014), in animals this reaction is catalyzed by multifunction oxidase enzymes (MFO) and is important in the mode of action of CPY. For example, inhibition of MFOs by the synergist piperonyl butoxide resulted in a decreased toxicity of CPY by up to sixfold in aquatic organisms (El-Merhibi et al 2004). Chlorpyrifos itself is not a strong inhibitor of AChE, but when transformed to CPYO, the phosphorus atom in the molecule becomes more susceptible to nucleophilic attack by the serine hydroxyl in the active site of AChE.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States

Solomon

Williams

Mackay

et al. 2014

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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Role of piperonyl butoxide in the toxicity of chlorpyrifos to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Xenopus laevis

Cited by 37 publications

References 33 publications

Cholinesterase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities in freshwater invertebrates as biomarkers to assess pesticide contamination

Cholinesterase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities in freshwater invertebrates as biomarkers to assess pesticide contamination

Bioconcentration and metabolism of pesticides and industrial chemicals in the frog

Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States

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