Role of Proline in Pathogen and Host Interactions

Christgen, Shelbi; Becker, Donald F.

doi:10.1089/ars.2017.7335

Cited by 124 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 271 publications

(450 reference statements)

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“…In addition, the presence of free amino acids in saliva also increases the ability to resist stresses (osmotic, smoking, and heat) in solution since many amino acids can buffer pH, osmotic, and redox changes by themselves. But some amino acids, if taken up by the bacteria, also confer resistance to osmotic and oxidative stress ( Christgen and Becker 2019 ). The ability of the microflora to recover from antibiotic use is a hallmark of a healthy oral microbiome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Factors that Maintain the Normal Oral Commensal Microflora

Carpenter

2020

J Dent Res

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The oral microbiome is one of the most stable ecosystems in the body and yet the reasons for this are still unclear. As well as being stable, it is also highly diverse which can be ascribed to the variety of niches available in the mouth. Previous studies have focused on the microflora in disease—either caries or periodontitis—and only recently have they considered factors that maintain the normal microflora. This has led to the perception that the microflora proliferate in nutrient-rich periods during oral processing of foods and drinks and starves in between times. In this review, evidence is presented which shows that the normal flora are maintained on a diet of salivary factors including urea, lactate, and salivary protein degradation. These factors are actively secreted by salivary glands which suggests these factors are important in maintaining normal commensals in the mouth. In addition, the immobilization of SIgA in the mucosal pellicle indicates a mechanism to retain certain bacteria that does not rely on the bacterial-centric mechanisms such as adhesins. By examining the salivary metabolome, it is clear that protein degradation is a key nutrient and the availability of free amino acids increases resistance to environmental stresses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Factors that Maintain the Normal Oral Commensal Microflora

Carpenter

2020

J Dent Res

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“…Proline plays various roles in bacterial cellular processes including osmoregulation, protein stability, stress resistance, as well as biosynthesis of secondary metabolites having antibacterial properties ( Christgen and Becker, 2017 ). In D. dadantii strain 3937 proline acts as osmoprotectant enabling the recovery of bacterial growth after exposure to high osmolarity during infection ( Gouesbet et al, 1995 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen Availability Influences Expression of Dickeya solani Genes Associated With Virulence in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

et al. 2018

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Dickeya solani is a Gram-negative necrotrophic, plant pathogenic bacterium able to cause symptoms in a variety of plant species worldwide. As a facultative anaerobe, D. solani is able to infect hosts under a broad range of oxygen concentrations found in plant environments. However, little is known about oxygen-dependent gene expression in Dickeya spp. that might contribute to its success as a pathogen. Using a Tn5 transposon, harboring a promoterless gusA reporter gene, 146 mutants of D. solani IPO2222 were identified that exhibited oxygen-regulated expression of the gene into which the insertion had occurred. Of these mutants 114 exhibited higher expression under normal oxygen conditions than hypoxic conditions while 32 were more highly expressed under hypoxic conditions. The plant host colonization potential and pathogenicity as well as phenotypes likely to contribute to the ecological fitness of D. solani, including growth rate, carbon and nitrogen source utilization, production of pectinolytic enzymes, proteases, cellulases and siderophores, swimming and swarming motility and the ability to form biofilm were assessed for 37 strains exhibiting the greatest oxygen-dependent change in gene expression. Eight mutants expressed decreased ability to cause disease symptoms when inoculated into potato tubers or chicory leaves and three of these also exhibited delayed colonization of potato plants and exhibited tissue specific differences in gene expression in these various host tissues. The genes interrupted in these eight mutants encoded proteins involved in fundamental bacterial metabolism, virulence, bacteriocin and proline transport, while three encoded hypothetical or unknown proteins. The implications of environmental oxygen concentration on the ability of D. solani to cause disease symptoms in potato are discussed.

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“…Proline is the most hydrophilic amino acid and therefore it is found to accumulate in the cells of large variety of water-stressed organisms and hence comes in the class of osmolytes. [47][48] Proline used to stimulate the growth and respiration in bacteria in the presence of low water activities therefore act as proteogenic amino acid or "chaperone" to protein formation in the osmolytic conditions. [48][49][50] In Eschericia coli it increases oxidative stress.…”

Section: Gold-ions-mediated Diproline Peptide Nanocarpets and Their Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[47][48] Proline used to stimulate the growth and respiration in bacteria in the presence of low water activities therefore act as proteogenic amino acid or "chaperone" to protein formation in the osmolytic conditions. [48][49][50] In Eschericia coli it increases oxidative stress. [51] Since Au(III) and Ag(I) are well-known for theire antibacterial activity; [33,52] therefore, as a representative example, we wished to test the effect of Pro-Pro-Au(III) sheets against clinically relevant bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus [53][54] , Bacillus subtilis, [55] Escherichia coli [56] and Enterobacter faecalis [57] isolated from environmental samples (ESI).…”

Section: Gold-ions-mediated Diproline Peptide Nanocarpets and Their Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold‐Ions‐Mediated Diproline Peptide Nanocarpets and Their Inhibition of Bacterial Growth

et al. 2019

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The structurally rigid dipeptide Pro‐Pro, known to self assembled into well defined dumbbells followed by robust three dimensional copper embedded discs under the appropriate physicochemical conditions. Now the assembly of dipeptide Pro‐Pro in the presence of Ag(I) and Au(III) metal ions was studied followed by its application as potential antibacterial agents. In the presence of Au(III) ions, ordered two dimensional sheets of submicron dimensions were obtained whereas in the presence of Ag(I) ions mostly random aggregates were found. Microscopy and spectroscopic study revealed that the Pro‐Pro‐Au(III) structures, in essence, can be considered as toxic metal ion “reservoirs“ and can provide batter platform to target bacterial membrane. The antibacterial assay demonstrated that owing to high biocompatibility Pro‐Pro dipeptide with bacterial cell, this simplest dipeptide worked as metal ion delivery agent and therefore it can show great potential in locally addressing bacterial infections.

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Role of Proline in Pathogen and Host Interactions

Cited by 124 publications

References 271 publications

Salivary Factors that Maintain the Normal Oral Commensal Microflora

Salivary Factors that Maintain the Normal Oral Commensal Microflora

Oxygen Availability Influences Expression of Dickeya solani Genes Associated With Virulence in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

Gold‐Ions‐Mediated Diproline Peptide Nanocarpets and Their Inhibition of Bacterial Growth

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