Role of Recent Therapeutic Applications and the Infection Strategies of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli

Abstract

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a global foodborne bacterial pathogen that is often accountable for colon disorder or distress. STEC commonly induces severe diarrhea in hosts but can cause critical illnesses due to the Shiga toxin virulence factors. To date, there have been a significant number of STEC serotypes have been evolved. STECs vary from nausea and hemorrhoid (HC) to possible lethal hemolytic-based uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Inflammation-based STEC is usually a foodborne illness with Shiga toxins (Stx 1 and 2) thought to be pathogenesis. The STEC’s pathogenicity depends significantly on developing one or more Shiga toxins, which can constrain host cell protein synthesis leading to cytotoxicity. In managing STEC infections, antimicrobial agents are generally avoided, as bacterial damage and discharge of accumulated toxins are thought the body. It has also been documented that certain antibiotics improve toxin production and the development of these species. Many different groups have attempted various therapies, including toxin-focused antibodies, toxin-based polymers, synbiotic agents, and secondary metabolites remedies. Besides, in recent years, antibiotics’ efficacy in treating STEC infections has been reassessed with some encouraging methods. Nevertheless, the primary role of synbiotic effectiveness (probiotic and prebiotic) against pathogenic STEC and other enteropathogens is less recognized. Additional studies are required to understand the mechanisms of action of probiotic bacteria and yeast against STEC infection. Because of the consensus contraindication of antimicrobials for these bacterial pathogens, the examination was focused on alternative remedy strategies for STEC infections. The rise of novel STEC serotypes and approaches employed in its treatment are highlighted.

Therapeutic Antibodies Against Shiga Toxins: Trends and Perspectives

“…For greater elucidation of these data, it searched the reference lists of selected articles identified by this search strategy and selected those relevant to the main topic. In the last decade, some broad and relevant reviews have been published; we highlighted (Keir et al, 2012;Page and Liles, 2013;Hall et al, 2017;Torres et al, 2018;Kakoullis et al, 2019;Joseph et al, 2020;Lingwood, 2020;Mühlen and Dersch, 2020;Hwang et al, 2021) those that covered different aspects of STEC such as epidemiology, diagnosis, serotypes, and HUS from pathogenicity to therapeutic options. Therefore, our decision was to focus on the therapeutic strategies using antibodies for Stx blockage.…”

Plant-derived nanoparticles as alternative therapy against Diarrheal pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: A review

“…Unfortunately, a large proportion of individuals suffering from Diarrhea rarely report cases to hospitals but rather resorts to self-medication (Ferdous, 2018). This practice has been highly discouraged especially if the causative agent is E. coli strain belongs to the STEC serotype O157:H7 (Hwang et al, 2021;Ramstad et al, 2021;Tarr and Freedman, 2022). Antibiotic therapy is contraindicated in the treatment and management of Diarrhea infections caused by STEC because there is evidence that antibiotics may increase the risk of developing more life threatening complications, such as haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), haemorrhagic colitis, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) that have all been associated with renal failure (Hwang et al, 2021;Ramstad et al, 2021;Tarr and Freedman, 2022).…”

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and a Fresh View on Shiga Toxin-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Kidney and Colon Epithelial Cells and Their Toxin Susceptibility

“…EHEC-HUS in adults is marked by prevalence of neurological symptoms and a poorer prognosis when compared to children having consequences for critical care management and treatment of the disease that remains a public threat due to lack of a specific treatment [276]. Although early diagnosis and supportive therapy are essential to limit complications and supportive care is beneficial for patients and has significantly reduced the mortality rate [152,160,277], the emergence of new strains with increased aggressive virulence potential requires clinical and research initiatives of high public health priority using novel molecular typing systems such as whole genome sequence-based approaches for unravelling emerging new pathotypes in more detail [59,[278][279][280][281][282][283][284].…”