Role of ROS and Nutritional Antioxidants in Human Diseases

Abstract

The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the development of various chronic and degenerative diseases such as cancer, respiratory, neurodegenerative, and digestive diseases. Under physiological conditions, the concentrations of ROS are subtlety regulated by antioxidants, which can be either generated endogenously or externally supplemented. A combination of antioxidant-deficiency and malnutrition may render individuals more vulnerable to oxidative stress, thereby increasing the risk of cancer occurrence. In addition, antioxidant defense can be overwhelmed during sustained inflammation such as in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and aging. Certain antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamin D, are essential in regulating biochemical pathways that lead to the proper functioning of the organs. Antioxidant supplementation has been shown to attenuate endogenous antioxidant depletion thus alleviating associated oxidative damage in some clinical research. However, some results indicate that antioxidants exert no favorable effects on disease control. Thus, more studies are warranted to investigate the complicated interactions between ROS and different types of antioxidants for restoration of the redox balance under pathologic conditions. This review highlights the potential roles of ROS and nutritional antioxidants in the pathogenesis of several redox imbalance-related diseases and the attenuation of oxidative stress-induced damages.

Effects of pre‐ or post‐exercise whey protein supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in older women

“…Furthermore, we speculate that the low consumption of vitamin E, selenium, and zinc may have affected protein supplementation responses, since antioxidants from the diet have the potential to block the generation of free radicals contributing to the slowing of the aging process. 32 respectively, P < 0.05). Zinc acts (as well as cysteine and selenium) as an antioxidant cofactor, since it is necessary for the proper functioning of GSH and SOD.…”

“…Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of whey protein on OS; however, these responses do not outweigh the adaptations provided by the training. Furthermore, we speculate that the low consumption of vitamin E, selenium, and zinc may have affected protein supplementation responses, since antioxidants from the diet have the potential to block the generation of free radicals contributing to the slowing of the aging process . In fact, TRAP and SOD changes had a positive correlation with zinc consumption ( r = 0.31 and r = 0.34, respectively, P < 0.05).…”

Superoxide imbalance triggered by Val16Ala‐SOD2 polymorphism increases the risk of depression and self‐reported psychological stress in free‐living elderly people

“…Numerous studies have consistently suggested the existence of a bidirectional relationship between oxidative stress inflammation and these conditions (Demyttenaere et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2018;Prenderville, Kennedy, Dinan, & Cryan, 2015;Straub & Cutolo, 2018). Previous investigations have suggested that oxi-inflammatory states triggered by depression and/or chronic psychological stress appear to be associated with the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Lopresti, Maker, Hood, & Drummond, 2014), including superoxide anion levels produced by NADPH oxidase activation or some impairment in superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes (Seo et al, 2012;Uchihara, Tanaka, Asano, Tamura, & Mizushima, 2016;Xie et al, 2017).…”

<p>Oxidative stress and biochemical markers in prenatally androgenized sheep after neonatal treatment with GnRH agonist</p>

“…Overproduction of ROS plays a role in the development of common disorders such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and cancer. [1][2][3] Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the most common causes of endocrine infertility, is characterized by reproductive and metabolic disturbances as well as disruption of the REDOX state. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Studies conducted in women with PCOS revealed increased oxidant and antioxidant markers in the blood, although the results were inconsistent because of the high heterogeneity of patients (age, body mass index, severity of hyperandrogenism) and tests used to evaluate oxidative stress.…”