Role of schemata in memory for places

Brewer, William F.; Treyens, James C.

doi:10.1016/0010-0285(81)90008-6

Cited by 712 publications

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“…The term gist is not always clearly defined (though see Oliva, 2005) but is most frequently operationalized as the scene's basic level category, for example, "beach" or "street" (Tversky & Hemenway, 1983), and we follow that convention here. Gist information appears to guide viewers' inspection of the scene (Loftus & Mackworth, 1978;Oliva, Torralba, Castelhano, & Henderson, 2003), may aid object recognition in the scene (Boyce & Pollatsek, 1992;Davenport & Potter, 2004;De Graef, De Troy, & D'Ydewalle, 1992;Hollingworth & Henderson, 1998;Palmer, 1975), and affects later memory of the scene (Brewer & Treyens, 1981;Pezdek, Whetstone, Reynolds, Askari, & Dougherty, 1989). Given the speed of gist perception, the information underlying gist recognition may be based on holistic, low-level scene properties (Oliva & Torralba, 2001;Renninger & Malik, 2004;Vailaya, Jain, & Zhang, 1998), rather than based on detecting or recognizing individual objects (cf.…”

Section: Recognizing the Gist Of A Scenementioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of information localization in scene gist recognition.

Loschky

Sethi

Simons³

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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People can recognize the meaning or gist of a scene from a single glance, and a few recent studies have begun to examine the sorts of information that contribute to scene gist recognition. The authors of the present study used visual masking coupled with image manipulations (randomizing phase while maintaining the Fourier amplitude spectrum; random image structure evolution [RISE]; J. Sadr & P. Sinha, 2004) to explore whether and when unlocalized Fourier amplitude information contributes to gist perception. In 4 experiments, the authors found that differences between scene categories in the Fourier amplitude spectrum are insufficient for gist recognition or gist masking. Whereas the global 1/f spatial frequency amplitude spectra of scenes plays a role in gist masking, local phase information is necessary for gist recognition and for the strongest gist masking. Moreover, the ability to recognize the gist of a target image was influenced by mask recognizability, suggesting that conceptual masking occurs even at the earliest stages of scene processing.

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Section: Recognizing the Gist Of A Scenementioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of information localization in scene gist recognition.

Loschky

Sethi

Simons³

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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“…In interpreting our finding that, in Study 3, intrusions in recall were largely of life script events, it is helpful to bear in mind Brewer and Treyens' (1981) To be sure, even where we attained this result -that is, in Study 3 -intrusions were still relatively infrequent. Therefore, though our findings suggest that most intrusions in memory for a fictional life story are driven by the life script, they indicate that such intrusions may still be relatively rare.…”

Section: Intrusions In Recallmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…That is, researchers probing for the effects of schema-consistency generally insert schema-inconsistent items into their source material (e.g., in Brewer & Treyens, 1981, the placement of a tennis racket in a graduate student's office). In our case, however, the items themselves -the life script events we employed -were identical across the schema-consistent and schema-inconsistent categories.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As for the false recognition data, Brewer and Treyens (1981) view their results as reflecting the integration between schematic information (i.e., in this case, the room schema) and episodic information. That is, they posit that their participants drew upon both schematic and episodic information in attempting to remember the office.…”

Section: Shapes Memory For Fictional Life Storiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brewer and Treyens interpret their findings for correct recognition and recall as indicating that schemata facilitate retrieval of items which are consistent with a given schema. However, in a subsequent reanalysis, Pezdek, Whetstone, Reynolds, Askari, and Dougherty (1989) reported that memory for the items with the lowest schema-expectancy tended to be better than average, suggesting that Brewer and Treyens' conclusions may have been incomplete.As for the false recognition data, Brewer and Treyens (1981) view their results as reflecting the integration between schematic information (i.e., in this case, the room schema) and episodic information. That is, they posit that their participants drew upon both schematic and episodic information in attempting to remember the office.…”

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The cultural life script as cognitive schema: How the life script shapes memory for fictional life stories

Koppel

Berntsen

2013

Memory

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We tested, across three studies, the effect of the cultural life script on memory and its phenomenological properties. We focused, in particular, on the mnemonic effects of both schema-consistency and frequency in the life script. In addition to testing recognition (in Study 1) and recall (in Studies 2 and 3), we also collected remember/know judgments for remembered events (in Studies 1 and 2) and memory for their emotional valence (in Study 2). Our primary finding was that, across all three studies, higher-frequency events were more memorable than lower-frequency events, as measured through either recognition or recall. We also attained three additional, complementary effects: First, schema-inconsistent events received remember ratings more often than schema-consistent events (in Study 2, with a trend to this effect in Study 1); second, where an event's emotional valence was inconsistent with the life script, memory for its valence was reconstructed to fit the script (in Study 2); and, third, intrusions in recall were disproportionately for life script events (in Study 3), though that was not the case in recognition (in Study 1). We conclude that the life script serves as a cognitive schema in how it shapes memory and its phenomenological properties. Memory, 22, December , available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080December /09658211.2013 4 This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis inThe Cultural Life Script as Cognitive Schema: How the Life Script Shapes Memory for Fictional Life StoriesThe cognitive schema (i.e., a mental structure that organizes one's knowledge and assumptions about the world) represents one of the oldest and most influential concepts in cognitive psychology (see Neisser, 1976, for an overview of early work on schemata). Schemata have been found to structure cognition across a range of contexts, including, and most importantly for the present purpose, to play a role in structuring memory. Bartlett (1932) was the first investigator to bring widespread attention to the effect of schemata on recall, with his investigations demonstrating that, in recounting a Native American folk tale, English participants reconstructed the story to better fit the Western schema of a typical narrative structure (see Bergman & Roediger, 1999, for a more recent replication of Bartlett's findings). Much of the early experimental work on the cognitive underpinnings of memory likewise examined the role of schemata (see for example, Anderson & Pichert, 1978;Mandler & Johnson, 1977; Sulin & Dooling, 1974).In the present investigation, we followed in the vein of a more recent experimental tradition on the influence of schemata on memory. December , available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080December /09658211.2013 5 which had not actually been in the room. Brewer and Treyens interpret their findings for correct recognition and recall as indicating that schemata facilitate retrieval of items which are consistent with a given schema. However, in a su...

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Children's knowledge, expectation, and long-term retention

Ornstein

Merritt

Baker‐Ward

et al. 1998

Appl. Cognit. Psychol.

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To examine the influence of prior knowledge on children's immediate and delayed recall of the details of a physical examination, 4‐ and 6‐year‐olds received a specially constructed check‐up that included some typical, expected medical features (e.g. listening to the heart), while omitting others, and incorporated several atypical, unexpected procedures (e.g. measuring head circumference). Using a combination of open‐ended and more specific probes, the children were assessed for their recall of expected and unexpected features that had been included in or omitted from the examination. Expectation based on prior knowledge affected three aspects of performance. First, correct recall of typical features that had been experienced exceeded that of unexpected features. Second, after a 12‐week delay, spontaneous incorrect recall of expected‐but‐omitted features was considerable, with 42% of 4‐year‐olds and 72% of 6‐year‐olds making at least one intrusion, and essentially zero for atypical procedures that were unexpected and omitted. Third, when questioned directly about medical procedures not included in the examination, correct denials were high for atypical features, but at chance levels for those that were expected. The positive and negative influences of knowledge raise questions about children's abilities to differentiate clearly between experience and expectation and have implications for understanding their testimony. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Role of schemata in memory for places

Cited by 712 publications

References 5 publications

The importance of information localization in scene gist recognition.

The importance of information localization in scene gist recognition.

The cultural life script as cognitive schema: How the life script shapes memory for fictional life stories

Children's knowledge, expectation, and long-term retention

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