Role of Socioeconomic Status in Hypertension among Chinese Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals

Wu, Xinyi; Wang, Zhonghua

doi:10.1155/2019/6956023

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The impact of SES on hypertension has been reported in several studies with conflicting results [ 11 ]. In addition, environmental epidemiological studies of the relationships between neighborhood environment, its perception and hypertension are sparse, and the associations with different indicators of the social environment effects remain uncertain [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Therefore, evidence of associations between the risk of hypertension and the social environment disparities may provide new data for the prevention of chronic diseases and the implementation of sustainable development goals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Social and Built Environment and Disparities in the Risk of Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study

Gražulevičienė

Gražulevičius

Dėdelė

2020

IJERPH

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Citizens’ participation in urban environmental quality assessment is important when identifying local problems in the sustainable development and environmental planning policy. The principal aim of this study was to analyze whether any social differences exist between the joint effect of built neighborhood quality and exposure to urban green spaces and the risk of hypertension. The study sample consisted of 580 participants residing in 11 districts in Kaunas city, Lithuania. Using geographic information systems (GIS), individual data on the socioeconomic status (SES) and health were linked to the participants’ perceptions of the environmental quality and exposure to green spaces (NDVI). We used multivariate logistic regression to estimate associations as odds ratios (OR). Those study participants with lower education and those study participants with higher education on low incomes rated their health significantly worse. Low SES persons residing in areas with low exposure to green spaces had a significantly higher risk of hypertension when sex, age, family status, smoking, and income were accounted for (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.01–3.36). This citizen science study provided evidence that the social environment and the quality of the built environment had a complex effect on disparities in the risk of hypertension.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Social and Built Environment and Disparities in the Risk of Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study

Gražulevičienė

Gražulevičius

Dėdelė

2020

IJERPH

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“…Married females, in particular, deserve more attention because this group have to consider not only the care of their parents, but also the responsibilities of taking care of their parents-in-laws, as well as the pressures of taking care of their own families and working their jobs. Socioeconomic status (SES), a comprehensive indicator measuring the position of individuals within systems of inequality in the society [ 15 ], plays a key role in the informal care process. It is important to understand how the SES of married female caregivers affects the amount of informal care they provide for their parents/parents-in-law in China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving for parents among adult married females: evidence from China

Wang

Ding

et al. 2021

BMC Geriatr

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Background Married female caregivers face a higher risk of an informal care burden than other caregivers. No study has explored the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on the intensity of informal care provided by married female caregivers in China. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine how the SES of married female caregivers affects the intensity of the informal care they provide for their parents/parents-in-law in China. Methods The data for this study were drawn from 8 waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The respondents were married women whose parents/parents-in-law needed care and lived in the same city as them. SES was defined based on four indicators: education, economic status, employment status, and hukou (China’s household registration system). Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 h/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 h/week), and high-intensity caregivers (10 h/week and above). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relation between SES and the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving among married female caregivers, adjusting for age, family characteristics and survey wave. Results Of the 2661 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers accounted for 16.35 and 21.27%, respectively. The multinomial logistic regression results showed that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver versus (vs. a non-caregiver) increased as the caregiver’s educational attainment increased (p < 0.05), and that high economic status was related to the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver, but this relationship was only significant at the 10% level. Urban females were 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05) and were 1.33 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05). Employed females were 1.25 times more likely than those unemployed females to provide low-intensity care vs. no care (p < 0.05). Conclusions Differences in SES were found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with high educational attainment and urban hukou were more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who were employed and had urban hukou were more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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“…Socioeconomic status (SES), a comprehensive indicator measuring the position of individuals within systems of inequality in the society [7], plays a key role in the informal care. In this study, SES refers to income, education, employment, and Hukou status (See detailed introduction in following Methods).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving intensity of adult females for parents: Evidence from a national study in China

Wang¹,

Li²,

Ding³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Few studies explored the effect of SES of caregivers on informal caregiving in China, especially from a female perspective. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine how the SES of female caregivers affects the amount of informal care they provide for parents in China. Methods The data used in this study was derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Informal caregivers were divided into three categories: non-caregivers (0 hrs/week), low-intensity caregivers (less than 10 hrs/week), and high-intensity caregivers (more than 10 hrs/week). Chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the SES of the women between non-, low-, and high-intensity caregivers. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to calculate relative risk ratios (RRR) for various SES variables to assess the relation of SES on the likelihood of a low- and high-intensity caregiving in the household, adjusting for age, marital status, family characteristics and wave. Results Of the 2741 respondents, high-intensity and low-intensity caregivers accounted for 16.42% and 21.38% respectively. Multinomial logistic regression results found that the likelihood of being a high-intensity caregiver vs. a non-caregivers increased as the caregiver’s education attainment increased. Urban females were 1.34 times more likely than their rural counterparts to provide low-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05) and were 1.34 times more likely to provide high-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05). Employed females were 1.27 times more likely than those non-employed to provide low-intensity care vs. no care ( p <0.05). Conclusions Differences in SES were found between high-intensity caregivers and low-intensity caregivers. Women with higher SES (higher education attainment, higher incomes, and urban Hukou ) were more likely to provide high-intensity informal care, and women who were employed and with urban Hukou were more likely to provide low-intensity care.

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Role of Socioeconomic Status in Hypertension among Chinese Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Neighborhood Social and Built Environment and Disparities in the Risk of Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study

Neighborhood Social and Built Environment and Disparities in the Risk of Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study

The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving for parents among adult married females: evidence from China

The effect of socioeconomic status on informal caregiving intensity of adult females for parents: Evidence from a national study in China

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