Role of somatosensory and vestibular cues in attenuating visually induced human postural sway

Peterka, Robert J.; Benolken, Martha S.

doi:10.1007/bf00242186

Cited by 247 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Such amplitudedependent gain changes indicate some type of nonlinearity, for example, adaptation. In adults, amplitude-dependent gain changes have been reported for visual scene motion (Peterka and Benolken, 1995) and have been reproduced in models with sensory reweighting (Carver et al, 2005; van der Kooij et al, 2001). This amplitude-dependent gain change has important functional significance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Development of multisensory reweighting for posture control in children

et al. 2007

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Reweighting to multisensory inputs adaptively contributes to stable and flexible upright stance control. However, few studies have examined how early a child develops multisensory reweighting ability, or how this ability develops through childhood. The purpose of the study was to characterize a developmental landscape of multisensory reweighting for upright postural control in children 4 to 10 years of age. Children were presented with simultaneous small-amplitude somatosensory and visual environmental movement at 0.28 and 0.2 Hz, respectively, within five conditions that independently varied the amplitude of the stimuli. The primary measure was body sway amplitude relative to each stimulus: touch gain and vision gain. We found that children can reweight to multisensory inputs from 4 years on. Specifically, intra-modal reweighting was exhibited by children as young as 4 years of age; however, inter-modal reweighting was only observed in the older children. The amount of reweighting increased with age indicating development of a better adaptive ability. Our results rigorously demonstrate the development of simultaneous reweighting to two sensory inputs for postural control in children. The present results provide further evidence that the development of multisensory reweighting contributes to more stable and flexible control of upright stance which ultimately serves as the foundation for functional behaviors such as locomotion and reaching.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Development of multisensory reweighting for posture control in children

et al. 2007

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“…Evidence suggests that sensory perturbation of visual (Lestienne et al 1977;Berthoz et al 1979;Bronstein 1986), somatosensory (Johansson and Magnusson 1991;Jeka et al 1997) and vestibular systems (Hlavacka and Njiokiktjien 1985;Johansson et al 1995;Day et al 1997) disrupts postural stability, however, the degree to which these systems contribute to postural control is also subject to age-related decline. Somatosensory function is considered to be the most important sensory source for postural control, contributing at least 60-75% of the information in standing on a stable surface (Horak et al 1994;Peterka and Benolken 1995;Simoneau et al 1995). This function is affected by aging, with older adults showing greater instability when somatosensory information is compromised using tendon vibration (Teasdale and Simoneau 2001), platform perturbations (Manchester et al 1989) or sway referencing (Cohen et al 1996;Speers et al 2002;Forth et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Task prioritization in aging: effects of sensory information on concurrent posture and memory performance

2008

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In older adults, cognitive resources play a key role in maintaining postural stability. In the present study, we evaluated whether increasing postural instability using sway referencing induces changes in resource allocation in dual-task performance leading older adults to prioritize the more age-salient posture task over a cognitive task. Young and older adults participated in the study which comprised two sessions. In the first session, three posture tasks (stable, sway reference visual, sway reference somatosensory) and a working memory task (n-back) were examined. In the second session, single-and dual-task performance of posture and memory were assessed. Postural stability improved with session. Participants were more unstable in the sway reference conditions, and pronounced age differences were observed in the somatosensory sway reference condition. In dual-task performance on the stable surface, older adults showed an almost 40% increase in instability compared to single-task. However, in the sway reference somatosensory condition, stability was the same in single-and dual-task performance, whereas pronounced (15%) costs emerged for cognition. These results show that during dual-tasking while standing on a stable surface, older adults have the flexibility to allow an increase in instability to accommodate cognitive task performance. However, when instability increases by means of compromising somatosensory information, levels of postural control are kept similar in single-and dual-task, by utilizing resources otherwise allocated to the cognitive task. This evidence emphasizes the flexible nature of resource allocation, developed over the life-span to compensate for age-related decline in sensorimotor and cognitive processing.

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“…Visual and somatosensory inputs provide the dominant sources of afferent information during stance, while the vestibular system is thought to have a less important role (30). Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), a technique used to probe the vestibular system, has gained attention from researchers studying human balance (5, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 26, 29, 36, 37; for review see Ref.…”

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confidence: 99%

Short-duration galvanic vestibular stimulation evokes prolonged balance responses

Son¹,

Blouin²,

Inglis³

2008

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Lee Son GM, Blouin J-S, Inglis JT. Short-duration galvanic vestibular stimulation evokes prolonged balance responses. J Appl Physiol 105: 1210 -1217, 2008. First published July 31, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01398.2006.-The application of galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) evokes distinct responses in lower limb muscles involved in the control of balance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the balance and lower limb muscle responses to short-duration GVS and to determine whether these responses are modulated by small changes in center of gravity (CoG) and baseline muscle activity occurring during quiet standing. Twelve subjects stood quietly on a force plate with their feet together and were instructed to look straight ahead. One thousand twenty-four GVS stimuli (4 mA, 20-ms pulses) were delivered bilaterally to the mastoid processes in a bipolar, binaural configuration. Bilateral surface electromyography (EMG) from soleus (Sol) and tibialis anterior (TA) and ground reaction forces were recorded. EMG and force responses were trigger averaged at the onset of the GVS pulse. Short-duration GVS applied during quiet standing with the head facing forward evoked characteristic balance responses and biphasic modulation of all muscles with the same polarity for ipsilateral Sol and TA. The amplitude of the GVS-evoked muscle responses was modulated by both the estimated position of the subject's CoG and the background activation of the recorded muscle. Muscle-dependent modulations of the GVSevoked muscle responses were observed: the Sol responses decreased, while the TA responses increased when the CoG position shifted toward the heels. The well-defined balance responses evoked by short-duration GVS are important to acknowledge when studying the vestibulo-motor responses in healthy subjects and patient populations.vestibulo-motor responses; electromyography; center of pressure THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF VESTIBULAR information in the control of human balance are still being debated. Visual and somatosensory inputs provide the dominant sources of afferent information during stance, while the vestibular system is thought to have a less important role (30). Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), a technique used to probe the vestibular system, has gained attention from researchers studying human balance (5, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 26, 29, 36, 37; for review see Ref. 11). GVS alters the firing rates of all vestibular afferents with a preference toward the irregular afferents (12), such that the anode decreases and the cathode increases afferent firing rates (13). In standing humans, binaural, bipolar GVS applied for a long duration (1-2 s) elicits a well-defined biphasic muscle response (4, 9) and a multiphasic center of pressure (CoP) response often identified by lateral sway and tilt toward the side of the anode (8, 21, 28). Short-duration GVS (20 -50 ms) have also been used to evoke vestibulomotor responses in lower and upper limb muscles engaged in balance (4, 40). Such stimuli have been thought to evoke motor respons...

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Role of somatosensory and vestibular cues in attenuating visually induced human postural sway

Cited by 247 publications

References 15 publications

Development of multisensory reweighting for posture control in children

Development of multisensory reweighting for posture control in children

Task prioritization in aging: effects of sensory information on concurrent posture and memory performance

Short-duration galvanic vestibular stimulation evokes prolonged balance responses

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