Role of Superoxide and Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates in Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae)/Trypanosoma rangeli Interactions

Whitten, Miranda M. A.; Mello, C.B.; Gomes, Sérgio Bittencourt Varella; Nigam, Yamni; Garcia, Elói S.; Ratcliffe, Norman A.

doi:10.1006/expr.2001.4615

Cited by 94 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Infections with short epimastigotes of T. rangeli are able to mobilize the proteases stored in the fat body, whereas long epimastigotes in some way inhibit protease activities in the fat body (31). Short epimastigotes were more resistant to lysis and stimulated greater superoxide and prophenoloxidase responses than long form epimastigotes of T. rangeli (32,33). Moreover, the ecto-phosphatase activity of short forms was more sensitive than that found in the long form (34,35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Susceptibilidad de diferentes especies de Rhodnius (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) a una cepa brasileña de Trypanosoma rangeli (SC58/KP1-)

et al. 2014

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Introduction: Specific host-parasite associations have been detected experimentally and suggest that triatomines of the genus Rhodnius act as biological filters in the transmission of Trypanosoma rangeli. Objective: To analyze the susceptibility of four Rhodnius species (Rhodnius robustus, Rhodnius neglectus, Rhodnius nasutus and Rhodnius pictipes) to a Brazilian strain of T. rangeli (SC-58/KP1-). Materials and methods:We selected thirty nymphs of each species, which were fed on blood infected with T. rangeli. Periodically, samples of feces and hemolymph were analyzed. Triatomines with T. rangeli in their hemolymph were fed on mice to check for transmission by bites. Later, the triatomines were dissected to confirm salivary gland infection. Results: Specimens of R. pictipes showed higher rates of intestinal infection compared to the other three species. Epimastigotes and trypomastigotes were detected in hemolymph of four species; however, parasitism was lower in the species of the R. robustus lineage. Rhodnius robustus and R. neglectus specimens did not transmit T. rangeli by bite; after dissection, their glands were not infected. Only one specimen of R. nasutus and two of R. pictipes transmitted the parasite by bite. The rate of salivary gland infection was 16% for R. pictipes and 4% for R. nasutus. Conclusions: Both infectivity (intestinal, hemolymphatic and glandular) and transmission of T. rangeli (SC58/KP1-) were greater and more efficient in R. pictipes. These results reinforce the hypothesis that these triatomines may act as biological filters in the transmission of T. rangeli.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Susceptibilidad de diferentes especies de Rhodnius (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) a una cepa brasileña de Trypanosoma rangeli (SC58/KP1-)

et al. 2014

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“…rangeli could be recognized in the vector insect's hemolymph and activate its defense system by cellular and humoral mechanisms which have been investigated in R. prolixus-T. rangeli interaction, amongst them being lysozymes and trypanolytic activity (Mello et al 1995, prophenoloxidase system activation (Mello et al 1995, Garcia et al 2004, phagocytosis and hemocyte micro-agglutination (Mello et al 1995, Garcia et al 2004) hemolymph agglutination and nitric superoxide and oxide production (Whitten et al 2001). It may be that all the elements forming part of the R. prolixus immune system interact together with the trypanolytic factor in in vivo conditions; the parasite thus disappears more rapidly in the hemolymph in natural conditions, happening 2 h post-infection as observed in several experiments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary characterization of a Rhodnius prolixus hemolymph trypanolytic protein, this being a determinant of Trypanosoma rangeli KP1(+) and KP1(-) subpopulations' vectorial ability

Pulido

Pérez

Vallejo

2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Rhodnius prolixus is the main Trypanosoma rangeli vector in several Latin-American countries and is susceptible to infection with KP1(+) strains; however, it presents an invasion-resistant response to KP1(-) strains. The present work has identified a trypanolytic protein against T. rangeli KP1(-) in the R. prolixus hemolymph which was fractioned with ammonium sulfate (following dialysis). The results revealed a protein component which did not depend on divalent cations for its biological function whilst keeping its trypanolytic activity at temperatures ranging from -20ºC to 37ºC, at 7.0 to 10.5 pH. The protein was partially purified by gel filtration chromatography and ionic exchange chromatography. The major component presented a molecular weight of around 79 kDa and an isoelectric point between 4.9 and 6.3 and may be directly related to hemolymph trypanolytic activity against T. rangeli KP1(-) populations.Key words: Rhodnius prolixus -Trypanosoma rangeli KP1(+) -Trypanosoma rangeli KP1(-) -trypanolytic factorvectorial ability -insect immunity Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate which is apparently apathogenous for humans, presenting pathogenicity for the invertebrate host. T. rangeli is of great interest due to its presence in mixed infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in vertebrates and invertebrate hosts, thereby interfering with a clear diagnosis of Chagas' disease and the epidemiology of these parasites in different Latin-American countries .T. rangeli vectors become infected by ingesting blood from wild or domestic reservoirs in natural conditions. The parasite develops in the digestive tract and then invades the hemolymph where it is recognized by the vector's immune system; however, some strains may escape host defense mechanisms, reaching the salivary glands where they become infective forms or metacyclic trypomastigotes (D'Alessandro-Bacigalupo & Gore-Saravia 1992). Salivary gland invasion is a necessary step for transmission, being mediated by one or several ligandreceptor interactions (Basseri et al. 2002).Previous work has revealed two phylogenetically different groups in T. rangeli called T. rangeli KP1(-) and T. rangeli KP1(+), these being mainly transmitted by the 16 Rhodnius species described so far (Vallejo et al. 2002(Vallejo et al. , 2007. Specificity between the vector and the parasite strain which it transmits has been pointed out; each Rhodnius species seems to select the T. rangeli subpopulation to which it is susceptible in nature so that it can then be transmitted to the vertebrate host via insect bite . Nevertheless, a close association has been observed between T. rangeli KP1(+) and vectors from the prolixus group (which includes Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius neglectus) and between T. rangeli KP1(-) and vectors from the pallescens group (including Rhodnius pallescens, Rhodnius colombiensis and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis) , Urrea et al. 2005. Recent parasite-vector interaction studies have shown a trypanolytic factor in R. prolixus hemolymph impeding the development of T. rangeli KP1(...

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“…Humoral immune reactions more frequently investigated in these interactions are: lysozymes, lectins and trypanolytic activity (Gregorio & Ratcliffe 1991a, Mello et al 1995, prophenoloxidase (proPO) activation (Gregorio & Ratcliffe 1991b, Mello et al 1995, Gomes et al 2003, Garcia et al 2004a, hemolymph agglutination (Gregorio & Ratcliffe 1991a, Mello et al 1996, superoxide and nitric oxide generation (Whitten et al 2001) and eicosanoid pathways (Garcia et al 2004a,b). Gregorio and Ratcliffe (1991a) investigated hemolymph and extracts of different tissue from R. prolixus and Triatoma infestans and tested for agglutination and lytic activities against erythrocytes and culture epimastigote forms of T. rangeli.…”

Section: Trypanosoma Rangeli and Hemolymph Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whitten et al (2001) studied the immune responses of R. prolixus in vivo following the injection of two strains and two developmental forms of T. rangeli. They observed that after 24 h the H14 strain, which failed to multiply and invade the salivary glands, stimulated higher levels of proPO, superoxide and nitrites than the Choachi strain, which rapidly multiplied in the hemolymph to invade the salivary glands.…”

Section: Trypanosoma Rangeli and Hemolymph Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually, short forms of epimastigotes stimulated greater superoxide and proPO responses than long epimastigotes in both parasite strains in the hemolymph of R. prolixus. In addition, when the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, N-ethylmaleimide, or the inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, S-methyl isohiourea sulfamide, are inoculated into R. prolixus, they caused higher insect mortalitiy after inoculation with parasites of either strains compared with those of uninfected control insects (Whitten et al 2001). This indicates that both NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase activities may be involved in the immune responses of R. prolixus infection by T. rangeli.…”

Section: Trypanosoma Rangeli and Hemolymph Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Trypanosoma rangeli interactions within the vector Rhodnius prolixus: a mini review

Azambuja

Garcia

2005

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Role of Superoxide and Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates in Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae)/Trypanosoma rangeli Interactions

Cited by 94 publications

References 51 publications

Susceptibilidad de diferentes especies de Rhodnius (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) a una cepa brasileña de Trypanosoma rangeli (SC58/KP1-)

Susceptibilidad de diferentes especies de Rhodnius (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) a una cepa brasileña de Trypanosoma rangeli (SC58/KP1-)

Preliminary characterization of a Rhodnius prolixus hemolymph trypanolytic protein, this being a determinant of Trypanosoma rangeli KP1(+) and KP1(-) subpopulations' vectorial ability

Trypanosoma rangeli interactions within the vector Rhodnius prolixus: a mini review

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