Role of the Filters in the Formation and Stabilization of Semiquinone Radicals Collected from Cigarette Smoke

Maskos, Zofia; Khachatryan, Lavrent; Dellinger, Barry

doi:10.1021/ef4010253

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Specific care must be taken using the filters for collection of radicals. One of our authors has shown the dramatic role of the different types of filters (e.g., cellulosic, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, nylon, Teflon, and Cambridge) to collect PM from tobacco smoke [42]. The collection of the primary radicals (measured immediately after collection of PM on filters) depends significantly on the type of the filter.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally persistent free radicals in PM2.5: a review

Tang

et al. 2019

Waste Dispos. Sustain. Energy

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Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a new class of pollutants that are long-lived in fine particles (PM 2.5), i.e., their 1/e lifetime ranges from days to months (or even infinite). They are capable of producing harmful reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals. The redox cycling of EPFRs is considered as an important pathway for PM 2.5 to induce oxidative stress inside the humans, causing adverse health effects such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, research regarding their toxicity, formation and environmental occurrences in PM 2.5 has attracted increasing attentions globally during the past two decades. However, literature data in this field remain quite limited and discrete. Hence, an extensive review is urgently needed to summarize the current understanding of this topic. In this work, we systematically reviewed the analytical methods and environmental occurrences, e.g., types, concentrations, and decay behaviors, as well as possible sources of EPFRs in PM 2.5. The types of pretreatment methods, g-values of common EPFRs and categories of decay processes were discussed in detail. Moreover, great efforts were made to revisit the original data of the published works of EPFRs in airborne particulate matter and provided additional useful information for comparison where possible, e.g., their mean and standard deviation of g-values, line widths (∆H p-p), and concentrations. Finally, possible research opportunities were highlighted to further advance our knowledge of this emerging issue.

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Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally persistent free radicals in PM2.5: a review

Tang

et al. 2019

Waste Dispos. Sustain. Energy

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“…The presence of water deactivates EPFR; EPFR concentration decreases 5× faster at an RH of ~75% than those exposed to less humid conditions [28,30]. pH affects EPFR stability by shifting the type of EPFRs such as those in cigarette smoke [40]. Differences in pH affect the availability of transition metals due to redox reaction, autooxidation, and complexation [41,42].…”

Section: Lifetimes and Factors Affecting The Stability And Persistence Of Epfrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many organic molecules are EPFR precursors. These classes of organic compounds have been reported to form EPFRs: aromatics [40,43,44] chloroaromatics [2,[45][46][47][48], polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [49,50], complex organic polymers [31,51], and microplastics [52]. Another abundant source of EPFR precursors is soil, which contains a vast reservoir of metals and organics [20].…”

Section: Sources and Precursors Of Epfrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals as Sources of POPs

Vejerano¹,

Ahn²,

Latif³

et al. 2021

aeer

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Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a new class organic pollutant sharing some of the attributes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This opinion/short review aims to describe the properties of EPFRs that merit their recognition as an additional and potentially significant source of POPs. EPFRs are ubiquitous in diverse environments because of multiple factors: (1) organic precursors from anthropogenic, biogenic, and other natural emission sources are abundant; multiple mechanisms in PM and soils form (2) EPFRs; and (3) EPFRs are stable and persist for a long time, thereby, accumulate in the environment and potentially transported long range. The hazards of EPFRs arise from their ability to induce oxidative stress and the formation of hazardous byproducts. EPFRs are ultimately deactivated by reactive processes, yielding molecular recombination byproducts that are structurally similar to those classified as POPs. It is plausible that EPFRs may form POPs in vivo in organisms; therefore, they are potential additional sources of exogenous POPs. Understanding the formation of EPFRs and extensive investigation of the pollutants generated from their recombination will add to the growing body of knowledge on their environmental and health hazards.

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“…CFPs are glass fiber filters able to retain at least 99.9 % of all particles contained in tobacco smoke or e-cig aerosol (Total Particulate Matter or TPM) [7,8], and they are efficient in trapping nicotine at source for both cigarette smoke (at least 99.9%) and e-cig aerosol (> 98%) [9]. In a previous study, we investigated different storing conditions able to guarantee the preservation and stability of the nicotine trapped on CFPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine measurement on Cambridge Filter PADs: an interlaboratory comparison to evaluate exposure by different electronic devices and traditional cigarette

Zuccarello¹,

Emma

Caruso

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Inter-laboratory comparison is widely used to ensure quality control among laboratories. In in vitro toxicology studies for tobacco harm reduction (THR), exposure system performance and laboratory proficiency along with product smoke and aerosol stream are tested for variability to assess accuracy. Here we aim to test a novel inter-laboratory setup created in a new collaborative research group using identical and small footprint systems- in order to minimize variability factors and increase reproducibility. Seven independent laboratories from different geographical areas tested the aerosol and smoke stream and exposure system performance (LM1 and LM4E) using Cambridge Filter Pad (CFP) trapping techniques. We tested 1R6F reference cigarettes, two electronic cigarettes (Vype e-Pen and Vype e-Stick Maxx), and two tobacco heating products (IQOS and Glo™) under the appropriate ISO and/or HCI regimes. Nicotine quantification was performed by GC-FID at the laboratory of the leading center. The performance of participant laboratories was assessed by z-score values obtained from results either in relation to the mean and standard deviation of total participants or in relation to the reference leading center. Z-Scores were satisfactory when |z| ≤ 2, questionable when 2 < |z| < 3 and, unsatisfactory when |z| ≥ 3. In the first evaluation, for all the tested devices, Z- scores values generated by dosimetry data ranged from -2 to +2. However, high intra-laboratory variability (RSD> 10%) was observed for almost all laboratories. In the second, data showed borderline and unsatisfactory exposure performances versus LAB-A. Particularly, Z-scores ≥ 3 were observed once for LAB-B (e-Stick exposure) and LAB-G (e-Pen exposure), twice for LAB-C (1R6F-ISO and e-Stick exposures) and LAB-E (e-Pen and e-Stick exposures), and three times for LAB-F (1R6F-HCI, e-Pen, and Glo exposures). This study demonstrates that nicotine dosimetry is a fundamental method for quality assurance of smoke/vapor run exposure in the early stage of an interlaboratory study, allowing the identification and possibly the resolution of gaps. Extended practice sessions on exposure runs and several rounds of nicotine dosimetry testing should be planned to keep in check overall equipment and operator performance.

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Role of the Filters in the Formation and Stabilization of Semiquinone Radicals Collected from Cigarette Smoke

Cited by 9 publications

References 47 publications

Environmentally persistent free radicals in PM2.5: a review

Environmentally persistent free radicals in PM2.5: a review

Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals as Sources of POPs

Nicotine measurement on Cambridge Filter PADs: an interlaboratory comparison to evaluate exposure by different electronic devices and traditional cigarette

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