Role of the gelatinous layer (G-layer) on the origin of the physical properties of the tension wood of Acer sieboldianum

Yamamoto, Hiroyuki; Abe, Kentaro; Arakawa, Yuya; Okuyama, Takashi; Gril, Joseph

doi:10.1007/s10086-004-0639-x

Cited by 48 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Indeed, a higher tensile stress in the G-layer compared with adjacent layers is most likely responsible for the contraction of the G-layer observed on longitudinal sections of poplar and beech (Fagus species) tension wood with light microscopy (Clair et al, 2005) and on transverse sections using atomic force microscopy (Clair and Thibaut, 2001). Likewise, a positive correlation between the released strain of maturation stress and the amount of G-layer in the tissue has been reported for several different wood materials (Clair et al, 2003;Yamamoto et al, 2005;Fang et al, 2008). In addition, this study demonstrated that the inner part of the S2 layer of tension wood had a MFA close to that of the G-layer.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Maturation Stress Generation in Poplar Tension Wood Studied by Synchrotron Radiation Microdiffraction

et al. 2010

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Tension wood is widespread in the organs of woody plants. During its formation, it generates a large tensile mechanical stress, called maturation stress. Maturation stress performs essential biomechanical functions such as optimizing the mechanical resistance of the stem, performing adaptive movements, and ensuring long-term stability of growing plants. Although various hypotheses have recently been proposed, the mechanism generating maturation stress is not yet fully understood. In order to discriminate between these hypotheses, we investigated structural changes in cellulose microfibrils along sequences of xylem cell differentiation in tension and normal wood of poplar (Populus deltoides 3 Populus trichocarpa 'I45-51'). Synchrotron radiation microdiffraction was used to measure the evolution of the angle and lattice spacing of crystalline cellulose associated with the deposition of successive cell wall layers. Profiles of normal and tension wood were very similar in early development stages corresponding to the formation of the S1 and the outer part of the S2 layer. The microfibril angle in the S2 layer was found to be lower in its inner part than in its outer part, especially in tension wood. In tension wood only, this decrease occurred together with an increase in cellulose lattice spacing, and this happened before the G-layer was visible. The relative increase in lattice spacing was found close to the usual value of maturation strains, strongly suggesting that microfibrils of this layer are put into tension and contribute to the generation of maturation stress.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

Maturation Stress Generation in Poplar Tension Wood Studied by Synchrotron Radiation Microdiffraction

et al. 2010

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“…On the other hand, the absolute value of L strain is small in the lower half side of the stem, where no G-fiber was formed. Similar observations have been made by several authors [45][46][47][48][49]. They suggest that the particular features of G-layer produce a high tensile stress in its axial direction, causing the large tensile L stress of tension wood.…”

Section: Gelatinous Fiber In Tension Woodsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…This unified theory also accounts for the generation of very high tensile L stress in G-fiber [49,51,87]. The unified hypothesis was a consistent theory that explained the growth stress generation not only in normal wood but also in compression wood or tension wood.…”

Section: The Unified Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 69%

Tree growth stress and related problems

et al. 2017

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Tree growth stress, resulted from the combined effects of dead weight increase and cell wall maturation in the growing trees, fulfills biomechanical functions by enhancing the strength of growing stems and by controlling their growth orientation. Its value after new wood formation, named maturation stress, can be determined by measuring the instantaneously released strain at stem periphery. Exceptional levels of longitudinal stress are reached in reaction wood, in the form of compression in gymnosperms or higher-than-usual tension in angiosperms, inspiring theories to explain the generation process of the maturation stress at the level of wood fiber: the synergistic action of compressive stress generated in the amorphous ligninhemicellulose matrix and tensile stress due to the shortening of the crystalline cellulosic framework is a possible driving force. Besides the elastic component, growth stress bears viscoelastic components that are locked in the matured cell wall. Delayed recovery of locked-in components is triggered by increasing temperature under high moisture content: the rheological analysis of this hygrothermal recovery offers the possibility to gain information on the mechanical conditions during wood formation. After tree felling, the presence of residual stress often causes processing defects during logging and lumbering, thus reducing the final yield of harvested resources. In the near future, we expect to develop plantation forests and utilize more wood as industrial resources; in that case, we need to respond to their large growth stress. Thermal treatment is one of the possible countermeasures: green wood heating involves the hygrothermal recovery of viscoelastic locked-in growth strains and tends to counteract the effect of subsequent drying. Methods such as smoke drying of logs are proposed to increase the processing yield at a reasonable cost.

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“…There is no bifurcation on the higher L shrinkage of tension wood than that of normal wood [12,19,28,56,60]. This was further confirmed in this study by the significant positive correlation between L shrinkage and GSI value (Fig.…”

Section: Growth Stress/physico-mechanical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 83%

“…This could be explained by the difference in microfibrillar angle between S 2 and G-layers, as has been observed and modelled for softwoods [32,49], but also by differences in chemical composition or other structural features. A comprehensive model relating the macroscopic behaviour in the L direction to the parameters of cell wall composition (e.g., [60]) would be required to analyse these relationships more deeply.…”

Section: Growth Stress/physico-mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between growth stress and wood properties in poplar I-69 (Populus deltoides Bartr. cv. “Lux” ex I-69/55)

et al. 2008

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-Six inclined poplar I-69 (Populus deltoids cv. I-69/55) trees were collected for studying the influence of growth stress level on wood properties. Growth stress indicator (GSI) was measured at eight positions around the periphery of each trunk at breast height and corresponding wood samples were obtained. Wood anatomical, physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics were measured, including cell diameter, fibre length, double wall thickness excluding the gelatinous layer, lumen diameter after gelatinous layer removal, proportion of wood tissues, basic density, FSP, MOE, compressive strength, shrinkage and chemical composition. Each property was regarded and discussed in relation to the growth stress level. Populus deltoids

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Role of the gelatinous layer (G-layer) on the origin of the physical properties of the tension wood of Acer sieboldianum

Cited by 48 publications

References 21 publications

Maturation Stress Generation in Poplar Tension Wood Studied by Synchrotron Radiation Microdiffraction

Maturation Stress Generation in Poplar Tension Wood Studied by Synchrotron Radiation Microdiffraction

Tree growth stress and related problems

Relationships between growth stress and wood properties in poplar I-69 (Populus deltoides Bartr. cv. “Lux” ex I-69/55)

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