Role of the microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases

Abstract

Studying the role of the human microbiome as it relates to human health status has revolutionized our view of microbial community contributions to a large number of diseases, particularly chronic inflammatory disorders. The lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract houses trillions of microbial cells representing a large diversity of species in relatively well-defined phylogenetic ratios that are associated with maintenance of key aspects of host physiology and immune homeostasis. It is not surprising, therefore, that many GI inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are associated with substantial changes in the composition of these microbial assemblages, either as a cause or consequence of host inflammatory response. Here we review current knowledge in the emerging field of human microbiome research as it relates to IBD, specifically focusing on Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). We discuss bacteriotherapeutic efforts to restore GI microbial assemblage integrity via probiotic supplementation of IBD patients, and speculate on future directions for the field.

Analysis of endoscopic brush samples identified mucosa-associated dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease

“…Previous studies have shown that the gut microbial community of IBD patients is characterized by reduced diversity and decreased abundance of the phylum Firmicutes, and a concomitant increase in the phylum Proteobacteria [6,7,31]. Several studies have found that the reduced diversity of the gut microbiota in IBD patients is primarily associated with the lower abundance of the phylum Firmicutes, particularly in the Clostridium cluster IV of anaerobic bacteria [4].…”

“…The dysbiosis of IBD is characterized by a decrease in bacterial diversity and a decrease in members of the phylum Firmicutes, and concomitant expansion of the phylum Proteobacteria [6][7][8]. A reduced abundance of certain Clostridium subsets, such as cluster IV and subcluster XIVa, contributes to the decreased abundance of the phylum Firmicutes [9,10], and an increase in the phylum Proteobacteria is represented by the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae, including E. coli.…”

Candida albicans and Bacterial Microbiota Interactions in the Cecum during Recolonization following Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Therapy

“…Clone libraries were constructed as described previously (15,16). Whole DNA isolated from the murine cecum was amplified with Illustra PuRe Taq ReadyTo Go PCR beads (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ).…”

Trasplante de microbiota fecal: primer caso reportado en Chile y revisión de la literatura

“…La disbiosis o cambio en la microbiota juega un rol fundamental en la patogénesis de numerosas enfermedades, tanto intestinales (enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII), síndrome intestino irritable y diarrea por CD) como no intestinales, como las enfermedades metabólicas [9][10][11][12] . Varios estudios han demostrado que la marcada normalización de la microbiota por transferencia directa de ésta desde un donante sano, procedimiento conocido como TMF, es altamente efectivo en el tratamiento de CD refractario y recurrente, con un éxito mayor a 90%…”