Role of the Morphology of Sulfonic Resin Catalysts in the Etherification of Ethanol with iso-Butylene: A Review

Vlasenko, N. A.; Stryzhak, P. E.

doi:10.1007/s11237-020-09661-3

Cited by 1 publication

(11 citation statements)

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“…The principle and features of the method were described elsewhere. 4 The acid sites concentration changes nonmonotonically with an increase in the content of sulfonic resin (Figure 3). Before reaching 40% sulfonic resin, the acid capacity of composites decreases and then increases.…”

Section: Co-precipitated Composite Organicinorganic Sulfonic Resin Ca...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The internal sites of sulfonic resins distributed inside the polymer network have the highest strength. 4,92 F I G U R E 6 Morphology of loaded organic-inorganic resin and localization of acid sites Figure 9 shows the integral QETD-NH 3 curves and corresponding differential QETD-NH 3 curves showing the distribution of acid sites by strength. The acid strength distribution was characterized by the values of the heat of adsorption of ammonia, calculated based on the correlation of the heat of sorption with a current temperature.…”

Section: Loaded Organic-inorganic Resin Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fine grinding of sulfonic resin granules changes the distribution of acid groups in the sulfonic resin increasing the portion of accessible external (surface) acid sites compared to hard‐to‐access internal ones. Study of the effect of grinding of sulfonic resin on acid sites distribution on location and strength showed that the particles of sulfonic resin with a size of 0.5–1 mm were characterized by a lower relative content of external sites than the finer fraction 0.25–0.5 mm, due to the adhesion of small particles 4 . Dilution of fine particles of the sulfonic resin with an inorganic component allows the prevention of adhesion of fine particles and thereby keeps the increased amount of accessible external sites.…”

Section: Organic–inorganic Composite Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sites localized inside the pores are somewhat more acidic. The internal sites of sulfonic resins distributed inside the polymer network have the highest strength 4,92 …”

Section: Loaded Organic–inorganic Resin Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The industrial process uses sulfonic resin catalysts, which are polymer matrices (copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene), functionalized with sulfonic groups. [1][2][3][4] These catalytic systems have high activity and selectivity. However, they are inherent several disadvantages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid organic‐inorganic acid catalysts: The effect of active sites localization on catalytic characteristics in the processes of alcohols' etherification. A review

Vlasenko

Strizhak

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This article reviews the various types of hybrid organic–inorganic resin catalysts: mixed and co‐precipitated composites, loaded, and tailored systems. The review gives a generalization of the authors' results in the field of synthesis and research of organic–inorganic resin catalysts, in the context of the main trends in the development of this field of science. Based on a comparison of the productivity of organic–inorganic and commercial sulfonic resins, the role of acid sites localization for determining the catalytic characteristics of sulfonic resin catalysts in ethanol and isopropanol etherification with isobutylene is discussed. Studies showed that acid sites of loaded sulfonic resins, localized on the external surface, have the highest productivity. The effect of morphology on the differences in the activity of different types of sulfonic resins in the etherification reactions is more pronounced for materials with limited accessibility of acid sites due to internal diffusion. With an increase in the accessibility of acid sites, the polarity and molecule size of the reacting alcohols become the predominant factors. These findings have an impact on the design of organic–inorganic resin catalysts with high performance.

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Section: Co-precipitated Composite Organicinorganic Sulfonic Resin Ca...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Loaded Organic-inorganic Resin Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Organic–inorganic Composite Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sites localized inside the pores are somewhat more acidic. The internal sites of sulfonic resins distributed inside the polymer network have the highest strength 4,92 …”

Section: Loaded Organic–inorganic Resin Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%