Role of the nucleus of the optic tract of monkeys in optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus

Kato, Isao; Harada, Koji; Hasegawa, Tomohiro; Ikarashi, Taro

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90665-8

Cited by 66 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…There is a critical difference in the neural circuitries responsible for OKRs in primates (foveate) and afoveate animals. In afoveate mammals, OKRs are thought to be dominated by subcortical structures (Kato et al ., ; Hoffmann & Distler, ; Mustari & Fuchs, , ) because OKRs of rabbits and rats are not influenced by lesions of the cerebral cortex (Hobbelen & Collewijn, ; Harvey et al ., ). In contrast, cortical structures are involved in the OKR system in primates (Fuchs & Mustari, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of retinal direction‐selective ganglion cells to optokinetic responses in mice

Sugita

Miura

Araki

et al. 2013

Eur J of Neuroscience

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In the mouse retina, there are two distinct groups of direction-selective ganglion cells, ON and ON-OFF, that detect movement of visual images. To understand the roles of these cells in controlling eye movements, we studied the optokinetic responses (OKRs) of mutant mice with dysfunctional ON-bipolar cells that have a functional obstruction of transmission to ON direction-selective ganglion cells. Experiments were carried out to examine the initial and late phases of OKRs. The initial phase was examined by measurement of eye velocity using stimuli of sinusoidal grating patterns of various spatiotemporal frequencies that moved for 0.5 s. The mutant mice showed significant initial OKRs, although the range of spatiotemporal frequencies that elicited these OKRs was limited and the response magnitude was weaker than that in wild-type mice. To examine the late phase of the OKRs, the same visual patterns were moved for 30 s to induce alternating slow and quick eye movements (optokinetic nystagmus) and the slow-phase eye velocity was measured. Wild-type mice showed significant late OKRs with a stimulus in an appropriate range of spatiotemporal frequencies (0.0625-0.25 cycles/°, 0.75-3.0 Hz, 3-48°/s), but mutant mice did not show late OKRs in response to the same visual stimuli. The results suggest that two groups of direction-selective ganglion cells play different roles in OKRs: ON direction-selective ganglion cells contribute to both initial and late OKRs, whereas ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells contribute to OKRs only transiently.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of retinal direction‐selective ganglion cells to optokinetic responses in mice

Sugita

Miura

Araki

et al. 2013

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…We believe that voluntary pursuit of the global motion of larger objects (simulated by our random-dot patterns) stimulates MT/MST, where pursuit neurons that respond to large texture motion are found (Komatsu & Wurtz, 1988), but also recruits circuitry in the system that generates the optokinetic reflex (OKR), a subsystem of ocular following that we think has been modified through evolution to follow an object selected for pursuit. The nucleus of the optic track (NOT), commonly thought to drive OKR (Hoffmann et al 1988; Kato et al 1988; Schiff et al 1988), also has neurons that respond during pursuit (Mustari & Fuchs, 1990). We think that this modern OKR circuitry performs a function of a larger object to allow inspection of its features using an attentional, foveate system that utilizes fixation and saccades.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexibility of foveal attention during ocular pursuit

2011

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Smooth pursuit of natural objects requires flexible allocation of attention to inspect features. However, it has been reported that attention is focused at the fovea during pursuit. We ask here if foveal attention is obligatory during pursuit, or if it can be disengaged. Observers tracked a stimulus composed of a central dot surrounded by four others, and identified one of the dots when it dimmed. Extinguishing the center dot before the dimming improved task performance, suggesting that attention was released from it. To determine if the center dot automatically usurped attention, we provided the pursuit system with an alternative sensory signal by adding peripheral motion that moved with the stimulus. This also improved identification performance, evidence that a central target does not necessarily require attention during pursuit. Identification performance at the central dot also improved, suggesting that the spatial extent of the background did not attract attention to the periphery; instead, peripheral motion freed pursuit attention from the central dot, affording better identification performance. The results show that attention can be flexibly allocated during pursuit, and imply that attention resources for pursuit of small and large objects come from different sources.

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“…Electrical stimulation at recording sites of retinal slip neurons produces optokinetic nystagmus with the slow phases directed toward the stimulated side (Collewijn, 1975;Schiff et al, 1988;Taylor et al, 2000;Hoffmann and Fischer, 2001). Similarly, inactivation of the NOT-DTN causes an impairment of the slow phase of OKR toward the lesioned side and leads to spontaneous slow phases toward the intact side (Kato et al, 1988;Schiff et al, 1990;Ilg et al, 1993;Inoue et al, 2000;Hoffmann and Fischer, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optokinetic Deficits in Albino Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo): A Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study

Hoffmann¹,

Garipis²,

Distler³

2004

J. Neurosci.

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We compared the horizontal optokinetic reaction (OKR) and response properties of retinal slip neurons in the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus (NOT-DTN) of albino and wild-type ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). In contrast to pigmented ferrets, we were unable to observe OKR in albino ferrets during binocular and monocular viewing using random dot full field stimulation and electrooculography (EOG). Observations during early postnatal life indicate that regular OKR is present in pigmented pups 3 d after eye opening but is absent at any stage during development in albino ferrets. Unilateral muscimol injections to inactivate all neurons in the NOT-DTN containing GABA A and GABA C receptors caused spontaneous horizontal nystagmus with slow phases away from the injected hemisphere in albino as well as in pigmented animals. Retinal slip neurons in the NOT-DTN of albino ferrets identified by antidromic activation from the inferior olive and orthodromic activation from the optic chiasm were well responding to intermittent bright light stimuli, but many showed a profound reduction of responsiveness to moving stimuli. The movement-sensitive neurons exhibited no clear direction selectivity for ipsiversive stimulus movement, a characteristic property of these neurons in pigmented ferrets and other mammals. Thus, the defect rendering albino ferrets optokinetically nonresponsive is located in the visual pathway subserving the OKR, namely in or before the NOT-DTN, and not in oculomotor centers.

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Role of the nucleus of the optic tract of monkeys in optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus

Cited by 66 publications

References 36 publications

Contributions of retinal direction‐selective ganglion cells to optokinetic responses in mice

Contributions of retinal direction‐selective ganglion cells to optokinetic responses in mice

Flexibility of foveal attention during ocular pursuit

Optokinetic Deficits in Albino Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo): A Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study

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