Thyroid hormone (TH) directs the growth and maintenance of tissues
throughout the body during development and into adulthood, and plays a
particularly important role in proper ossification and homeostasis of the
skeleton. To better understand the roles of TH in the skeletogenesis of a
vertebrate model, and to define areas of the skeleton that are particularly
sensitive to developmental TH, we examined the effects of hypo-and
hyperthyroidism on skeletal development in zebrafish. Performing a bone-by-bone
anatomical assessment on the entire skeleton of adult fish, we found that TH is
required for proper ossification, growth, morphogenesis, and fusion of numerous
bones. We showed that the pectoral girdle, dermatocranium, Weberian apparatus,
and dentary are particularly sensitive to TH, and that TH affects development of
skeletal element regardless of bone type and developmental origin. Indeed, the
hormone does not universally promote ossification: we found that developmental
TH prevents ectopic ossification in multiple thin bones and within connective
tissue of the jaw. In all, we found that TH regulates proper morphogenesis and
ossification in the majority of zebrafish bones, and that the requirement for
the hormone extends across bone types and developmental profiles.