Role of trace TEMPO as electron shuttle in enhancing chloroquine phosphate elimination in UV-LED-driven persulfate activation process

Efficient Chloroquine Removal by Electro-Fenton with FeS2-Modified Cathode: Performance, Influencing Factors, Pathway Contributions, and Degradation Mechanisms

“…The intermediate P7 could be concerted to P8 after further oxidization . Shortly afterward, an oxidative ring opening occurred among the aromatic products and the abovementioned intermediates could decompose into small molecular products such as P9, P10, P11, and P12, which were finally mineralized into CO 2 , H 2 O, inorganic nitrogen including ammonium (about 0.66 mg-N/L after 60 min operation) and nitrate (about 0.02 mg-N/L after 60 min operation), thus achieving the mineralization of CLQ …”

“…pyriformis, and their associated bioaccumulation factors, developmental toxicity and mutagenicity were evaluated using T.E.S.T. ,, As delineated in Figure a,b, the lethal concentration 50% (LC 50 ) values of CLQ to Daphnia magna and fathead minnow were 3.05 and 3.29 mg/L, respectively, falling in the “Toxic” zone. Though the first intermediates P1 and P2 possessed lower LC 50 (i.e., categorized as “Toxic” or even “Very toxic” to Daphnia magna and fathead minnow), further degradation products generated as the reactions proceeded presented much higher LC 50 values and were therefore defined as only “Harmful” (e.g., P6) or even “Not harmful” (e.g., P11). , Figure c displays the ecotoxicity changes during the CLQ degradation process in terms of the growth inhibition on T. pyriformis.…”

“…Though the first intermediates P1 and P2 possessed lower LC 50 (i.e., categorized as "Toxic" or even "Very toxic" to Daphnia magna and fathead minnow), further degradation products generated as the reactions proceeded presented much higher LC 50 values and were therefore defined as only "Harmful" (e.g., P6) or even "Not harmful" (e.g., P11). 37,54 Figure 7c displays the ecotoxicity changes during the CLQ degradation process in terms of the growth inhibition on T. pyriformis. Compared with the low inhibition growth concentration 50% (IGC 50 ) of CLQ (i.e., 1.13 mg/L), the corresponding values of the degradation intermediates were significantly increased: most of them (e.g., P9, P11, and P12) were considered as "Not harmful", indicating that the growth inhibition of CLQ was higher than its degradation intermediates.…”

Degradation of Low Concentration Chloroquine Phosphate by Ozone Oxidation

“…Currently, researches on the removal of CQP are limited, primarily focusing on photodegradation techniques [6][7][8][9], which exhibit relatively low degradation efficiency. Given the increasing volume of CQP wastewater, it is necessary to find the more efficient methods for CQP removing.…”

“…Currently, research on the degradation technologies of chloroquine phosphate (CQP) primarily has focused on the removal of target pollutants themselves, which lacks systematic studies on the changes in biological toxicity and corresponding toxicity control effects during the degradation process of CQP [8,9]. Additionally, most existing studies have been based on relatively high concentrations of CQP solutions (50 mg/L-100 mg/L), which is significantly different from the actual concentration [10].…”