Role of type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in type-2 asthma

Abstract

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to provide a synthesis of recent discoveries about type-2 innate lymphoid cells, especially, as they relate to the pathogenesis of asthma. Recent findingsWe focused on features and characteristics of type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) that distinguish them from other type-2 cells, especially Th2 cells. We collected and reviewed data related to human asthma and airway ILC2s. We examined the concept of ILC2 memory and trained immunity. We also analyzed steroid resistance of ILC2s, which is relevant for steroid-resistant asthma.

Role of autophagy and mitophagy of group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic and local allergic rhinitis

“… 6 ILCs are divided into ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s, reflecting the cytokines released by Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. 6 ILC2s play an important role in asthma and other type 2 inflammation 7 and promote airway remodeling. 8 They can be regulated by a variety of factors and are activated by the epithelial cytokines IL-25, IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and the leukotrienes (LT) C4 and D4, which are related to viral, bacterial, and fungal infections and allergen stimulation.…”

NFκB1 inhibits memory formation and supports effector function of ILC2s in memory-driven asthma

“…This response is aimed at destroying and eliminating the insult. Repetitive insults trigger the formation of memory, and generate trained immunity (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). This memory/trained immunity can be recalled by a repeat exposure.…”