Role refinement of melanin synthesis genes by gene knockout reveals their functional diversity in Pyricularia oryzae strains

Zhu, Siyi; Yan, Yaxi; Qu, Yingmin; Wang, Jing; Feng, Xiaoxiao; Liu, Xiaohong; Lin, Fu‐Cheng; Lu, Jianping

doi:10.1016/j.micres.2020.126620

Cited by 34 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…RGS1 was significantly down-regulated at 8 hpi, while RGS7 at 8hpi and PDEH at 18hpi were significantly up-regulated ( Figure 5A ). In aerial hyphae, PKC1 and OSM1 involved in cell wall integrity and osmotic signaling pathways ( Ryder et al, 2019 ), and PIG1 , ALB1 , RSY1 , and BUF1 involved in the melanin synthesis pathway ( Tsuji et al, 2000 ; Zhu et al, 2020 ), and MPG1 , PTH11 , RGS1 , PDEH , and RAS2 were all significantly down-regulated in the ∆ Poral2 mutant ( Figure 5B ). Down-regulation of PIG1 , ALB1 , RSY1 , and BUF1 was correlated with the less melanized aerial mycelium of the ∆ Poral2 mutant ( Figure 2A ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PoRal2 Is Involved in Appressorium Formation and Virulence via Pmk1 MAPK Pathways in the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae

Wang

Huang

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Pyricularia oryzae is an important plant pathogenic fungus that can severely damage rice and wheat crops, leading to significant reductions in crop productivity. To penetrate into and invade tissues of its plant host, this fungus relies on an invasive structure known as an appressorium. Appressorium formation is rigorously regulated by the cAMP-PKA and Pmk1 MAPK pathways. Here, we identified PoRal2, a homologous protein of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Ral2, and characterized its roles in fungal development and virulence in P. oryzae. PoRal2 contains N-terminal kelch repeats and C-terminal BTB domains. PoRal2 is involved in sporulation, aerial hypha and conidiophore differentiation, appressorium formation, plant penetration, and virulence. During appressorium formation, ∆Poral2 mutants generate appressoria with long germ tubes on hydrophobic surfaces. ∆Poral2 mutants exhibited a defective response to exogenous cAMP and the activated RAS2G18V on a hydrophilic surface, indicating impairment in the cAMP-PKA or Pmk1 MAPK signaling pathways. Deletion of PoRAL2 leads to lowered Pmk1 phosphorylation level in the mutant. Moreover, PoRal2 is found to interact with Scd1, Smo1, and Mst50, which are involved in activation of Pmk1. In addition, the expression levels of MPG1, WISH, and PDEH in the cAMP-PKA pathway, RAS2 in both the cAMP-PKA and Pmk1 MAPK pathways, and melanin biosynthesis genes (ALB1, BUF1, and RSY1) were significantly down-regulated in the ∆Poral2. Therefore, PoRal2 is involved in fungal development and virulence by its crosstalk in the cAMP-PKA and Pmk1 MAPK signaling pathways.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PoRal2 Is Involved in Appressorium Formation and Virulence via Pmk1 MAPK Pathways in the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae

Wang

Huang

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…The M. oryzae wild-type strains 70-15 (Chao and Ellingboe, 1991), Guy11 (Chao and Ellingboe, 1991), and 2539 (Leung et al, 1988), and all derivative strains were cultured on complete medium (CM) in a light incubator with an interval of 16 h light and 8 h dark at 25 • C. Of the mutants, cnf1 70-15 , rsy1 70-15 , rsy1 Guy11 , pig1 70-15 , pig1 Guy11 , gcf3 70-15 , gcc1 70-15 , cos1 70-15 , and hox2 70-15 were generated in previous studies (Lu et al, 2014;Cao et al, 2016;Zhu et al, 2021). Cnf1, Pig1, Gcf3, Gcc1, Cos1, and Hox2 are transcription factors, and Rsy1 is a scytalone dehydratase in the fungal melanin synthesis (Lu et al, 2014;Cao et al, 2016;Zhu et al, 2021). To harvest aerial mycelium, conidia were collected from 7 to 12 day culture and washed once with distilled water.…”

Section: Strains and Culture Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rsy1 is a sole scytalone dehydratase in the melanin synthesis pathway in M. oryzae (Chumley and Valent, 1990). Deleting RSY1 in the wild-type 70-15 resulted in loss of melanin, however, it did not alter conidiation in the mutant (Zhu et al, 2021). To test the role of melanin on fungal conidiation, we deleted CNF1 in 4A).…”

Section: Melanin Promotes Conidiation In Magnaporthe Oryzae Strain 70-15mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Melanin affects the morphology, cell wall structure, and stress resistance of fungal spores ( Cordero and Casadevall, 2017 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ). However, the relationship between melanin and conidiation is complicated and elusive in fungi, especially M. oryzae .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deleting melanin synthesis genes has separate and individual effects on spore production in different strains ( Zhu et al, 2021 ). For example, deleting melanin synthesis genes in M. oryzae strain Guy11 decreased fungal spore production, while deleting melanin synthesis genes in M. oryzae strain 70-15 had smaller effects on fungal conidiation ( Zhu et al, 2021 ). The role of melanin in the sporulation processes among different fungi is also diverse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Melanin Promotes Spore Production in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Huang

Cao

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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The rice blast pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, spreads through spores and invades rice through appressoria. Melanin is necessary for an appressorium to penetrate plant cells, but there are many unknown aspects of its role in fungal conidiation. In this study, we confirmed that melanin promotes spore production in M. oryzae, and that this effect is related to the background melanin content of wild-type strains. In the wild-type 70-15 strain with low melanin content of aerial hyphae, increased melanin synthesis promoted sporulation. In contrast, increased melanin synthesis in the wild-type Guy11 strain, which has higher melanin content, did not promote sporulation. The transcription factor Cnf1 (conidial production negative regulatory factor 1), which negatively regulates melanin synthesis, has opposite effects in conidiophore differentiation of Guy11 and 70-15. Deletion of CNF1 did not abolish the defects of Δcos1 and Δhox2 (where COS1/conidiophore stalk-less 1 or HOX2/homeodomain protein 2 was deleted) in conidiation, while increased the conidiation of Δgcc1 and Δgcf3 (where GCC1/growth, conidiation and cell wall regulatory factor 1, or GCF3/growth and conidiation regulatory factor 3 was deleted). Pig1 (pigment of Magnaporthe 1) regulates the melanin synthesis of hyphae but not of conidiophores, spores, or appressoria. Deletion of the same gene in different wild-type strains can lead to different phenotypes, partly because of differences in melanin content between fungal strains. Overall, this study reveals the functional diversity and complexity of melanin in different M. oryzae strains.

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The Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Uses a Turgor-Dependent, Septin-Mediated Mechanism to Invade Rice

Ryder

Talbot

2022

Plant Relationships

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Role refinement of melanin synthesis genes by gene knockout reveals their functional diversity in Pyricularia oryzae strains

Cited by 34 publications

References 51 publications

PoRal2 Is Involved in Appressorium Formation and Virulence via Pmk1 MAPK Pathways in the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae

PoRal2 Is Involved in Appressorium Formation and Virulence via Pmk1 MAPK Pathways in the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae

Melanin Promotes Spore Production in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

The Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Uses a Turgor-Dependent, Septin-Mediated Mechanism to Invade Rice

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