“…These defences include physical and chemical barriers, as well as the activation of enzymes. The activities of certain enzymes, such as PAL, PPO and POX, are altered during the interaction between plants and pathogens [ [30] , [31] , [32] ]. In resistant cultivars, there are notable increases in the activities of PAL, PPO and POX enzymes, as well as phenolic compounds, following infection [ 33 ].…”