Roles of liquid–liquid phase separation in bacterial RNA metabolism

Nandana, Vidhyadhar; Schrader, Jared M.

doi:10.1016/j.mib.2021.03.005

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…A saturation concentration, C sat , was defined such that: for C < C sat , the molecules are diffuse in solution; and for C > C sat , dense droplets form. If the concentration consistently increases, the liquid-like condensate may change into its gel-like or solid states ( Figure 1 ; Nandana and Schrader, 2021 ). Notably, C sat values are not fixed, but vary with the concentration of condensate components ( Dzuricky et al, 2020 ; Riback et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Liquid Phase-separated Organelles In Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: Unraveling the Enigma of Biomolecular Condensates in Microbial Cells

et al. 2021

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Numerous examples of microbial phase-separated biomolecular condensates have now been identified following advances in fluorescence imaging and single molecule microscopy technologies. The structure, function, and potential applications of these microbial condensates are currently receiving a great deal of attention. By neatly compartmentalizing proteins and their interactors in membrane-less organizations while maintaining free communication between these macromolecules and the external environment, microbial cells are able to achieve enhanced metabolic efficiency. Typically, these condensates also possess the ability to rapidly adapt to internal and external changes. The biological functions of several phase-separated condensates in small bacterial cells show evolutionary convergence with the biological functions of their eukaryotic paralogs. Artificial microbial membrane-less organelles are being constructed with application prospects in biocatalysis, biosynthesis, and biomedicine. In this review, we provide an overview of currently known biomolecular condensates driven by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in microbial cells, and we elaborate on their biogenesis mechanisms and biological functions. Additionally, we highlight the major challenges and future research prospects in studying microbial LLPS.

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Section: Liquid Phase-separated Organelles In Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, convergent evolution has also been revealed in the formation of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) condensates aiding RNA metabolism in eukaryotic and bacterial cells, both depending on the modulation of DEAD Box ATPases. For a detailed review, see Nandana and Schrader (2021) .…”

Section: The Biological Function Of Phase-separated Condensates In Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: Unraveling the Enigma of Biomolecular Condensates in Microbial Cells

et al. 2021

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“…One interesting aspect of the compartmentalization phenomena is related to the observation that these elements are dynamically regulated (by their assembly and disassembly) depending on the environment as they lack a membrane [163]. This dynamic regulation can potentially affect the regulatory response of TRs.…”

Section: Simultaneous Functional and Structural Characterization On C...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Transcriptional Regulators: A Road Map for Functional, Structural, and Biophysical Characterization

Diez

Juncos

Dujovne

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The different niches through which bacteria move during their life cycle require a fast response to the many environmental queues they encounter. The sensing of these stimuli and their correct response is driven primarily by transcriptional regulators. This kind of protein is involved in sensing a wide array of chemical species, a process that ultimately leads to the regulation of gene transcription. The allosteric-coupling mechanism of sensing and regulation is a central aspect of biological systems and has become an important field of research during the last decades. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art techniques applied to unravel these complex mechanisms. We introduce a roadmap that may serve for experimental design, depending on the answers we seek and the initial information we have about the system of study. We also provide information on databases containing available structural information on each family of transcriptional regulators. Finally, we discuss the recent results of research about the allosteric mechanisms of sensing and regulation involving many transcriptional regulators of interest, highlighting multipronged strategies and novel experimental techniques. The aim of the experiments discussed here was to provide a better understanding at a molecular level of how bacteria adapt to the different environmental threats they face.

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“…Several major bacterial stress responses have been described, including the general stress response regulated in E. coli by sigma38 (rpoS) protein [ 162 ], envelope stress response modulated in E.coli by sigma(E) factor [ 163 ], the heat shock response [ 164 ] regulated in E.coli by sigma factor-32 (σ32), and the cold shock response regulated by cold-shock proteins [ 165 ]. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes lack any membrane organelles and the formation of LLPS-driven condensates is a very potent mechanism to substitute for the absence of membrane organelles and spatiotemporally organize thousands of stress factors in a bacterial cytoplasm [ 166 , 167 , 168 ]. This hypothesis found confirmation in multiple works reporting LLPS-driven cellular moieties in prokaryotes.…”

Section: Prokaryotesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reorganization of Cell Compartmentalization Induced by Stress

et al. 2022

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The discovery of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) that do not have an ordered structure and nevertheless perform essential functions has opened a new era in the understanding of cellular compartmentalization. It threw the bridge from the mostly mechanistic model of the organization of the living matter to the idea of highly dynamic and functional "soft matter". This paradigm is based on the notion of the major role of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of biopolymers in the spatial-temporal organization of intracellular space. The LLPS leads to the formation of self-assembled membrane-less organelles (MLOs). MLOs are multicomponent and multifunctional biological condensates, highly dynamic in structure and composition, that allow them to fine-tune the regulation of various intracellular processes. IDPs play a central role in the assembly and functioning of MLOs. The LLPS importance for the regulation of chemical reactions inside the cell is clearly illustrated by the reorganization of the intracellular space during stress response. As a reaction to various types of stresses, stress-induced MLOs appear in the cell, enabling the preservation of the genetic and protein material during unfavourable conditions. In addition, stress causes structural, functional, and compositional changes in the MLOs permanently present inside the cells. In this review, we describe the assembly of stress-induced MLOs and the stress-induced modification of existing MLOs in eukaryotes, yeasts, and prokaryotes in response to various stress factors.

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Roles of liquid–liquid phase separation in bacterial RNA metabolism

Cited by 35 publications

References 68 publications

Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: Unraveling the Enigma of Biomolecular Condensates in Microbial Cells

Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation: Unraveling the Enigma of Biomolecular Condensates in Microbial Cells

Bacterial Transcriptional Regulators: A Road Map for Functional, Structural, and Biophysical Characterization

Reorganization of Cell Compartmentalization Induced by Stress

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