Roles of metallic ions in host-parasite interactions.

Weinberg, Eugene D.

doi:10.1128/mmbr.30.1.136-151.1966

Cited by 35 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Perhaps the higher salt environment should not be regarded as something to be tolerated by the virulent cell, but as something essential for membrane stabilization and growth of the virulent cell at the temperature and in the physiological environment of the host. Iron has been reported to be involved with virulence in several microorganisms (28). The apparent reversal of Tween toxicity by iron might be explained in terms of the previously mentioned suggestion that fatty acid toxicity may result from the accumulation of organic peroxides resulting from the auto-oxidation of long-chain, unsaturated fatty acids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Growth Requirements of Pathogenic Leptospira

1973

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Nutritional requirements for growth at :30 C of' Leptospira pomona and L. canicola have been determined. Both pathogenic serotypes initially required bovine serum albumin (BSA) for growth in a medium (SM-4) which permitted growth of the water isolate B-16. Requirement for BSA was eliminated by (i) removing much of' the apparent toxicity of free fatty acids in Tween 80 on an anion exchange column, (ii) decreasing extended lag periods observed from small inocula by incorporation of' pyruvate into the medium, (iii) the addition of acetate to permit full utilization of substrate fatty acids in Tween 80, and (iv) the addition of' glycerol to decrease generation times. Physiologic signiticance of' these findings is discussed, and the possibility is suggested that apparent toxicity of fatty acids for leptospires may result from their auto-oxidation products. The resulting protein-free medium (SM-5) permitted the growth of pathogens at :30 C to high cell yields in low inocula. Highly virulent and avirulent strains from the same clone of L. canicola Moulton were used to determine additional growth requirements associated with virulence. As incubation temperatures were increased from 30 C to those of mammalian hosts, virulent cells required biotin at 35 C and higher levels of K+ and Mg2+ at 37 C. Additional Fe2+ eliminated the

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Growth Requirements of Pathogenic Leptospira

1973

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“…Although divalent cations, usually calcium and magnesium, have been generally found to be necessary for the electrostatic attachment of bacteriophages (46) and animal viruses to host cells (2, 23,26), there are numerous exceptions (11)(12)(13)21). Attachment of influenza virus to cells proved to be another exception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Attachment and Penetration by Influenza Virus

Hahon¹,

Booth²,

Eckert³

1973

Infect Immun

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Attachment and penetration of influenza virus into clone 1-5C-4 cells were quantitatively determined by the immunofluorescent cell-counting assay. Aided by centrifugal force, more than 95% of virus inocula of five representative influenza virus strains (Ao/PR8, Al/Ann Arbor, A2/Japan, B/Lee, B/Great Lakes) were attached to cells at a linear rate within 10 min, in contrast to approximately 35% after stationary incubation at 35 C for 2 h. By the former procedure, a proportionality between the number of infected cells and volume of inoculum was revealed which was not evident when stationary incubation was employed. Maximal binding of virus to cells occurred at 0.2 M NaCl. The salt requirement, added to evidence of pH dependence and temperature independence, indicated that the initial virus-cell union involved electrostatic forces. Virus penetration into cells, measured by the insensitivity of virus-cell complexes to antiviral serum, was linear and complete within 15 min at 35 C for all five virus strains tested. Maximal virus penetration occurred at 0.1 to 0.2 M NaCl; the process was pHand temperaturedependent. Both virus attachment and penetration processes were partially inhibited in the presence of diethylaminoethyl-dextran. circular cover slips (15 mm diameter) inserted in 341 on August 5, 2020 by guest http://iai.asm.org/ Downloaded from

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“…Additionally, previous evidence suggests counteracting iron accumulation may limit infection (21,39). Studies have shown that limiting iron availability to infected cells (by the use of iron chelators) curbed the growth of several infectious viruses and ameliorated disease (21,(39)(40)(41). This important role of iron in the susceptibility and response to infection may be the mechanism by which HEME METABOLISM genes conferred susceptibility to respiratory viral infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A crowdsourced analysis to identifyab initiomolecular signatures predictive of susceptibility to viral infection

Fourati

Talla

Mahmoudian

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Respiratory viruses are highly infectious; however, the variation of individuals' physiologic responses to viral exposure is poorly understood. Most studies examining molecular predictors of response focus on late stage predictors, typically near the time of peak symptoms.To determine whether pre-or early post-exposure factors could predict response, we conducted a community-based analysis to identify predictors of resilience or susceptibility to several respiratory viruses (H1N1, H3N2, Rhinovirus, and RSV) using peripheral blood gene expression profiles collected from healthy subjects prior to viral exposure, as well as up to 24 hours following exposure. This analysis revealed that it is possible to construct models predictive of symptoms using profiles even prior to viral exposure. Analysis of predictive gene features revealed little overlap among models; however, in aggregate, these genes were enriched for common pathways. Heme Metabolism, the most significantly enriched pathway, was associated with higher risk of developing symptoms following viral exposure.

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Roles of metallic ions in host-parasite interactions.

Cited by 35 publications

References 54 publications

Growth Requirements of Pathogenic Leptospira

Growth Requirements of Pathogenic Leptospira

Cell Attachment and Penetration by Influenza Virus

A crowdsourced analysis to identifyab initiomolecular signatures predictive of susceptibility to viral infection

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