Roles of proanthocyanidin rich extracts in obesity

Abstract

Obesity is a multifactorial disorder involving an abnormal or excessive amount of body fat. Obese people have a very high probability of developing metabolic syndrome, a condition in which cholesterol, lipid, and glucose levels rise, causing diabetes and heart disease. From the point of view of energy balance, the main contributors to obesity are excessive energy intake, inadequate energy expenditure and metabolic malfunctions. For this reason, health organisations are working to implement policies and plans to promote healthy eating and active living. However, these measures have not yet proven sufficient to combat this worldwide epidemic; therefore, drugs and bioactive compounds are being investigated to complement the existing strategies. In the present review, we discuss the available data regarding the modulation of obesity by proanthocyanidin rich extracts. Because studies with human subjects are very scarce, we focus on studies using laboratory animals. The results of in vitro studies are included because, although they cannot be directly extrapolated to the biological effects of proanthocyanidin, they can reveal some mechanisms of action.

Dietary flavonoid intake and incident coronary heart disease: the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study

“…Animal and in vitro studies suggest that proanthocyanidins may have a role in reducing adiposity, a risk factor for CHD, through the inhibition of digestive enzymes in the small intestine, modulation of neuropeptides involved in satiety, and influence on lipid metabolism (32). Proanthocyanidins also appear to have antithrombotic and antihypertensive effects in animal models (32,33). Food-based analyses support the inverse associations between anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidins, and incident CHD.…”

“…In these previous studies, outcomes were defined by International Classification of Diseases' codes for ischemic heart disease (410-414), including subacute MI, old MI, angina pectoris, and other chronic ischemic heart disease, which is less specific than expert-adjudicated incident acute MI and CHD death. Animal and in vitro studies suggest that proanthocyanidins may have a role in reducing adiposity, a risk factor for CHD, through the inhibition of digestive enzymes in the small intestine, modulation of neuropeptides involved in satiety, and influence on lipid metabolism (32). Proanthocyanidins also appear to have antithrombotic and antihypertensive effects in animal models (32,33).…”

Comparison of in vitro anti-lipase and antioxidant activities, and composition of commercial chokeberry juices

“…Proanthocyanidins have been also postulated as the major factor responsible for the anti-lipase effect of apple, cocoa, and Salacia reticulata [27,38,39]. The role of proanthocyanidins in reducing obesity was recently reviewed by Salvadó et al [40]. In vivo studies with different animal models confirm anti-obesity action of proanthocyanidins from various plant sources.…”

Supplementation of procyanidins B2 attenuates photooxidation-induced apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells

“…RPE cell apoptosis induced by photooxidative stress can be alleviated by dietary antioxidants. Among these antioxidants, proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract, a dietary antioxidant consumed worldwide, provides excellent protection against free radicals (Bagchi et al 2002;Josepa Salvad o et al 2015;Xi et al 2015). Accumulating evidence demonstrates the eye protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin.…”