Rolling Contact and Compression-Torsion Fatigue of 52100 Steel with Special Regard to Carbide Distribution

Burkart, Klaus; Bomas, H.; Schroeder, Roberto Moreira; Zoch, H.‐W.

doi:10.1520/stp104506

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Although the stress state in a bearing constantly changes over time, it is possible to identify a time and location where the equivalent stress is highest during one load cycle. This stress state can be modelled by in-phase compressional and torsional load, as demonstrated by Burkart et al [11]. The equivalent stresses were determined using von Mises' criterion and applied such that the ratio between the principal stresses' difference, |σI-σII|/|σII-σIII|, was the same in the experiment as in a real bearing.…”

Section: In-phase Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of white etching crack formation by compression-torsion experiments

Averbeck¹,

Kerscher²

2016

Frattura Ed Integrità Strutturale

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In this study, an attempt was made to recreate the bearing damage phenomenon "White Etching Cracks" with a simplified testing setup. Rolling contact fatigue conditions were simulated with in-phase and out-ofphase cyclic compression-torsion experiments on 100Cr6 steel specimens. The results are compared in terms of microstructural change. Focused Ion Beam and metallographic analysis reveal that a fine-grained, white etching zone formed in the vicinity of the fatigue cracks of specimens tested with the in-phase load pattern. In contrast, no such structures were found after testing the out-of-phase load pattern. The properties of the white etching zone are characterised in more detail and compared with White Etching Cracks.

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Section: In-phase Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of white etching crack formation by compression-torsion experiments

Averbeck¹,

Kerscher²

2016

Frattura Ed Integrità Strutturale

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“…Coarse primary carbides could also be problematic for RCF by either initiating cracks or providing a path of least resistance for propagation via microcracking. 97,98 Soft inclusions, such as elongated sulphides and silicates, are less detrimental, 70,94,99,100 due to smooth interfaces, small stress concentrations because of elongation and compressive residual stresses around the MnS preventing crack growth. 68,90,91,95,101,102 While the MnS inclusions will shrink more than the matrix on cooling, cavities are not commonly found around them in bearing steels due to hot rolling closing the voids; likewise, the porosity associated with oxides is due to the inability of the matrix to deform around the NMI, even though the oxide contracts less relative to the matrix on cooling.…”

Section: Effect Of Inclusion Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the reliability of highly loaded rolling bearings: The effect of upstream processing on inclusions

Walker

2014

Materials Science and Technology

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The connection between the cleanliness of 52100 type bearing steels and their reliability has been well documented. Most research over the past 30 years has focused on sensitive compositional control during metallurgical refinement, leading to steels so clean that industrial cleanness standards are no longer suitable for quantifying further improvements. There is less literature, however, detailing the mechanism by which different impurities initiate rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Early work focused on comparing fatigue lives with cleanness ratings, which include a worst field analysis to determine the inclusion content and post-failure analysis to determine damage nucleation sites. The stress concentrations around discontinuities in the steel matrix can now however be visualised using computational modelling techniques. There is now a much clearer picture of how non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) nucleate fatigue damage by causing changes in the subsurface microstructure, including white etching regions in the form of butterflies. Size, morphology, distribution and type of inclusion are important factors for determining their role in RCF and the ability to control these variables could lead to improved performance. The inclusion character is greatly influenced by the steelmaking process, from initial melt through to casting, as well as hot deformation. While the impact of microchemical banding on RCF is not well understood, the effect of microsegregation on the phases that form can be modelled using simple calculations. Hot rolling techniques also influence the steel cleanliness, as NMIs can be plastically deformed or broken up and voids can be introduced around them, thus affecting the interface with the matrix. Understanding the microstructure evolution from materials characterisation and the ability to model the process could establish an optimum degree of rolling reduction. This could greatly aid the production of large bearings, as some manufacturers currently make them from very large ingots to achieve the necessary reduction ratio and therefore required level of performance.

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“…During rolling contact, the cyclic rolling of elements unavoidably causes an accumulation of contact stresses, such stress is a combination of compression and shear [15,16] and can typically reach 3 GPa [17]. In addition to stress accumulation, there may be temperature increase and gradients across the stressed area, especially under non-ideal lubrication condi-tions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data analysisDiffraction spectra were recorded directly as one-dimension (1-D) intensity versus diffracted angle 2θ data. The room temperature spectra cover a 2θ range of15-105 • , whilst others were collected up to 70 • as the hot air blower blocks part of the detector. Nevertheless, as least five peaks were detectable under 70 • for each present phase.…”

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confidence: 99%

Stability of retained austenite in martensitic high carbon steels. Part I: Thermal stability

Cui

Gintalas

Rivera-Dı́az-del-Castillo

2018

Materials Science and Engineering: A

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Thermal stability of retained austenite in 1C-1.5Cr steels with two Si and Mn contents is studied. Time-resolved high resolution synchrotron X-ray radiation and dilatometry are employed. The threshold transformation temperatures, decomposition kinetics, associated transformation strain, as well as the influence of Si and Mn were investigated. The coefficients of linear thermal expansion for both the bulk materials and individual phases are also obtained. The results indicate that an increase in the Mn and Si contents show little influence on the onset of retained austenite decomposition, but result in more thermally stable austenite. The decomposition is accompanied by a simultaneous increase in ferrite content which causes an expansive strain in the order of 10 −4 , and subsequent cementite development from 300-350 • C which causes a contraction that helps to neutralise the expansive strain. During decomposition, a continuous increase in the carbon content of austenite, and a reduction in that of the tempered-martensite/ferrite phase was observed. This process continued at elevated temperatures until full decomposition was reached, which could take less than an hour at a heating rate of 0.05 • C/s. Additionally, the observation of austenite peak splitting on samples with high Mn and Si contents suggests the existence of austenite of different stabilities in such matrix.

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Rolling Contact and Compression-Torsion Fatigue of 52100 Steel with Special Regard to Carbide Distribution

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

A study of white etching crack formation by compression-torsion experiments

A study of white etching crack formation by compression-torsion experiments

Improving the reliability of highly loaded rolling bearings: The effect of upstream processing on inclusions

Stability of retained austenite in martensitic high carbon steels. Part I: Thermal stability

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