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This chapter raises three questions: a) concerns a synthesis of the classic contributions of the reference semiotic authors that are considered when analysing hate speech in social media; b) entails presenting a case study that is analysed precisely with that analysis synthesis; c) shows the usefulness and interest of this type of analysis in investigations of hate speech. It offers a semiotic model for analysing misogynistic and xenophobic hate speech from digital news media on Twitter. The case study comprises the news published by El Mundo (Spain) from its users on social media, and the 33 comments generated, as a reason for this publication, during January 2021. This serves as the basis of semiotic analysis for understanding the phenomenon. The results visualise the semiotic analyses for understanding the dissemination of expressions. This approach thus helps reveal the levels of intensity, the denotative and connotative differences, the destructive-constructive and intertextual nature of messages, and sheds light on the different symbolic structures associated with hate speech.
This chapter raises three questions: a) concerns a synthesis of the classic contributions of the reference semiotic authors that are considered when analysing hate speech in social media; b) entails presenting a case study that is analysed precisely with that analysis synthesis; c) shows the usefulness and interest of this type of analysis in investigations of hate speech. It offers a semiotic model for analysing misogynistic and xenophobic hate speech from digital news media on Twitter. The case study comprises the news published by El Mundo (Spain) from its users on social media, and the 33 comments generated, as a reason for this publication, during January 2021. This serves as the basis of semiotic analysis for understanding the phenomenon. The results visualise the semiotic analyses for understanding the dissemination of expressions. This approach thus helps reveal the levels of intensity, the denotative and connotative differences, the destructive-constructive and intertextual nature of messages, and sheds light on the different symbolic structures associated with hate speech.
Hate speech is evidence that social networks do not always favor modern democracies; there are more and more issues related to their misuse, putting Western values at stake. This phenomenon has increased with the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this paper is to investigate in Spanish and Italian university students their perceptions of hate speech such as sexting, grooming, cyberbullying, to analyze their online behaviors as victims and aggressors and to explore the forms of hatred towards people who have played a relevant role in the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a quantitative-descriptive methodology, 418 university students from both countries participated, recruited through non-probabilistic sampling. The results obtained show that in both countries there is an increase in the perception of hatred during COVID-19. In this context, the most increased forms of violence are sexting, gender violence and cyberbullying; among the most affected categories are healthcare workers, supermarket workers, and people with disabilities. Therefore, the results highlight the need to address hate speech with an educational approach oriented towards both critical and responsible media literacy as well as respect for diversity, interculturality, and emotional education. Los discursos de odio son una evidencia de que las redes sociales no siempre favorecen las democracias modernas; cada vez hay más problemáticas relacionadas con un mal uso de estas, poniendo en juego los valores occidentales. Este fenómeno ha aumentado con la pandemia del COVID-19. El objetivo de este artículo es investigar con estudiantes universitarios de España e Italia las percepciones que tienen sobre los discursos de odio tales como sexteo, «grooming», ciberacoso, analizar sus comportamientos en línea como víctimas y agresores, y explorar las formas de odio hacía personas que han tenido un papel relevante en la pandemia del COVID-19. Mediante el uso de una metodología cuantitativa-descriptiva, participaron 418 estudiantes universitarios de ambos países, reclutados con muestreo no probabilístico. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que en ambos países hay un aumento de la percepción del odio durante el COVID-19. En este sentido, las formas de violencia más incrementadas son: sexteo, violencia de género y ciberacoso; entre las categorías más afectadas se encuentran los trabajadores del sector sanitario, de supermercados y las personas con discapacidad. Los resultados ponen de relieve la necesidad de tratar el discurso del odio con un enfoque educativo orientado tanto al sentido crítico y responsable de los medios de comunicación como al respeto a la diversidad, la interculturalidad y la educación emocional.
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