Room Temperature Processing of Inorganic Perovskite Films to Enable Flexible Solar Cells

Liu, Dianyi; Yang, Chenchen; Bates, Matthew; Lunt, Richard R.

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2018.08.005

Cited by 48 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(196 reference statements)

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“…CsPbX 3 generally is prepared at high-temperature (around 300 8 8Ci sc ommonly used), which may restrict its application in multilayer or flexible solar cells. [171] Wang et al added HI (to form HPbI 3+x ,ashad been used by Eperon et al to stabilize a-CsPbI 3 at low temperature [16] )instead of PbI 2 in the one-step preparation at an optimum annealing temperature of 130 8 8C. [172] Theresulting CsPbI 2 Br films demonstrated phase stability in air (< 20 %R H) for am onth and thermal stability at 100 8 8Cf or more than aw eek.…”

Section: Low-temperature Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

All‐Inorganic CsPbX₃ Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Prospects

et al. 2019

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Recently, lead halide‐based perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in photovoltaic research because of their excellent optoelectronic properties. Among them, organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made very rapid progress with their power conversion efficiency (PCE) now at 23.7 %. However, the intrinsically unstable nature of these materials, particularly to moisture and heat, may be a problem for their long‐term stability. Replacing the fragile organic group with more robust inorganic Cs+ cations forms the cesium lead halide system (CsPbX3, X is halide) as all‐inorganic perovskites which are much more thermally stable and often more stable to other factors. From the first report in 2015 to now, the PCE of CsPbX3‐based PSCs has abruptly increased from 2.9 % to 17.1 % with much enhanced stability. In this Review, we summarize the field up to now, propose solutions in terms of development bottlenecks, and attempt to boost further research in CsPbX3 PSCs.

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Section: Low-temperature Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

All‐Inorganic CsPbX₃ Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Prospects

et al. 2019

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“…Lunt and co‐workers also reported room temperature processed inorganic CsPbI 2 Br PSCs but adopted a different solvent 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP). NMP has good solubility and weak coordination affinity for cesium lead‐halide precursors, which is beneficial for low temperature processing.…”

Section: Toward Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Recent Progress of All‐Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskites and Solar Cells

2019

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perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) have reached a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.2% in 2019, [19] which is comparable with that of copper indiumgallium diselenide (CIGS) [20] and siliconbased solar cells.The general chemical formula of a perovskite compound can be described as ABX 3 , where A is a monovalent cation (methylammonium (CH 3 NH 3 + (MA + )), formamidinium (CH(NH 2 ) 2 + (FA + )), cesium, etc.), B is a divalent metal cation (Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , etc.), and X is occupied by a halide counterion (Cl − , Br − , and I − ). It is possible to form mixed compounds with respect to each site. The commercialization of hybrid perovskites requires materials that are thermodynamically stable and can withstand various thermal stressing tests, including natural daynight cycling and exposure to full sunlight. The organic parts in perovskites (such as MA + or FA + ) cannot endure high temperature and thus presents a longterm stability issue for devices under operation. Among the various degradation and decomposition pathways of hybrid perovskite, which depend on environmental factors such as humidity and illumination, a common theme is the low thermal stability of these perovskites, even in inert atmosphere. [21][22][23] For example, release of CH 3 NH 2 has been reported in MA-based perovskite films at temperatures of 80 °C, indicating decomposition of MA. [24] However, standard operational conditions for photovoltaics require materials and devices to be stable at this temperature. Therefore, the replacement of the organic parts by inorganic components (Cs + ) is expected to dramatically increase the long-term stability. [23,25,26] It has been widely reported that even a small amount of cesium can greatly enhance the thermal stability of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. [27,28] For example, FA 0.83 Cs 0.17 Pb(I 0.6 Br 0.4 ) 3 demonstrates both thermal and moisture stability, and stability to operation in the presence of oxygen. [29] An early report by Hodes [30] shows that thin films of the inorganic perovskite CsPbBr 3 can be prepared with a two-step method. The solar cells employing these layers yield an impressive high open circuit voltage (V oc ) of 1.32 V. These results, as the authors emphasize, indicate that the organic moiety is not an essential component in constructing high-performance perovskite materials and devices. Since then, with numerous publications each year, the inorganic PSCs research community is keeping highly active, including novel deposition methods All-inorganic perovskites are considered to be one of the most appealing research hotspots in the field of perovskite photovoltaics in the past 3 years due to their superior thermal stability compared to their organic-inorganic hybrid counterparts. The power-conversion efficiency has reached 17.06% and the number of important publications is ever increasing. Here, the progress of inorganic perovskites is systematically highlighted, covering materials design, preparation of high-quality perovskite films, and avoidance of phase in...

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“…Although alternative methods including postair flow, coevaporation, and vacuum flash have been used for deposition of this CsPbX 3 layer. However, the solvent engineering process still yields the best efficiency for CsPbI 2 Br composition .…”

Section: Photovoltaic Performance Of Mncl2:cspbi2br‐based Ai‐pscs Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Improved Performance and Thermal Stability of Planar Metal Ion Incorporated CsPbI₂Br All‐Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells Based on MgZnO Nanocrystalline Electron Transporting Layer

Mali

Patil

Hong

2019

Advanced Energy Materials

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employed in order to make stable perovskite phase, which includes incorporation of inorganic cations at A-site and/or B-site with mixed halides. However, still methylammonium (MA) or formamidinium (FA) cations suffered from low thermal stability. [9][10][11] Therefore, allinorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX 3 ) attracted tremendous attention due to its thermal stability and promising optoelectronicproperties. [12][13][14][15][16][17] Unfortunately, Cs-based all-inorganic perovskites especially CsPbI 3 are suffer from poor stability due to their thermodynamically unstable phase. The photoactive cubic alpha (α)−phase (black phase) simultaneously transforms to the orthorhombic photo inactive delta (δ)−phase (yellow phase), which is thermodynamically stable at room temperature. [12,[18][19][20][21][22][23] Therefore, it is necessary to make stable α-phase using adequate composition and deposition techniques. Several methods have been used to maintain the stable α-CsPbI 3 black phase, which includes controlled grain growth, [24] size controlling to the quantum dots (QDs), [25,26] solvent engineering process, [27] additives [18,[28][29][30] airquenching, [31,32] and metal-ion doping. [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] In case of Mn 2± doped CsPbIBr 2 , Liang et al. used Mn-doped all-inorganic perovskites having CsPb 1−x Mn x I 1+2x Br 2−2x (where x = 0.005) composition for hole transporting materials (HTMs) free (C-PSCs) and demonstrated 7.36% PCE with >300 h stability in ambient condition, which is much higher than pristine CsPbI 2 Br composition. [36] However, the dynamic hot-air process with metal ion doped CsPbI 2 Br makes stable α-phase at ambient condition. [46] Although alternative methods including postair flow, [47] coevaporation, [48] and vacuum flash [49] have been used for deposition of this CsPbX 3 layer. However, the solvent engineering process still yields the best efficiency for CsPbI 2 Br composition. [24] Thus, in the CsPbI 2 Br films, the prototypal allinorganic perovskite, the quality of the film (crystallinity and thickness), dominates the photovoltaic performance. Obtaining >1 µm grain size in the CsPbI 2 Br film by this method is easy but difficult to achieve in vertical direction and air processing The high thermal stability and facile synthesis of CsPbI 2 Br all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (AI-PSCs) have attracted tremendous attention. As far as electron-transporting layers (ETLs) are concerned, low temperature processing and reduced interfacial recombination centers through tunable energy levels determine the feasibility of the perovskite devices. Although the TiO 2 is the most popular ETL used in PSCs, its processing temperature and moderate electron mobility hamper the performance and feasibility. Herein, the highly stable, low-temperature processed MgZnO nanocrystal-based ETLs for dynamic hot-air processed Mn 2+ incorporated CsPbI2Br AI-PSCs are reported. By holding its regular planar "n-i-p" type device architecture, the MgZnO ETL and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5diyl) h...

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Room Temperature Processing of Inorganic Perovskite Films to Enable Flexible Solar Cells

Cited by 48 publications

References 66 publications

All‐Inorganic CsPbX₃ Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Prospects

All‐Inorganic CsPbX₃ Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Prospects

Review on Recent Progress of All‐Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskites and Solar Cells

Simultaneous Improved Performance and Thermal Stability of Planar Metal Ion Incorporated CsPbI₂Br All‐Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells Based on MgZnO Nanocrystalline Electron Transporting Layer

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Room Temperature Processing of Inorganic Perovskite Films to Enable Flexible Solar Cells

Cited by 48 publications

References 66 publications

All‐Inorganic CsPbX3 Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Prospects

All‐Inorganic CsPbX3 Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Prospects

Review on Recent Progress of All‐Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskites and Solar Cells

Simultaneous Improved Performance and Thermal Stability of Planar Metal Ion Incorporated CsPbI2Br All‐Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells Based on MgZnO Nanocrystalline Electron Transporting Layer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

All‐Inorganic CsPbX₃ Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Prospects

All‐Inorganic CsPbX₃ Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Prospects

Simultaneous Improved Performance and Thermal Stability of Planar Metal Ion Incorporated CsPbI₂Br All‐Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells Based on MgZnO Nanocrystalline Electron Transporting Layer