Room-Temperature Vacuum Deposition of CsPbI<sub>2</sub>Br Perovskite Films from Multiple Sources and Mixed Halide Precursors

Igual‐Muñoz, Ana M.; Navarro-Alapont, Javier; Dreeßen, Chris; Palazón, Francisco; Sessolo, Michele; Bolink, Henk J.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03038

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Similarly, few studies devoted to thermally evaporated all inorganic perovskites such as CsPbBr 3 [ 101,102 ] or mixed halide CsPb(I,Br) 3 [ 103–106 ] exist. These devices exhibit a significantly lower performance than comparable solution‐processed devices, most likely due to the inability to enhance their efficiency by metal doping or additives.…”

Section: Photovoltaic Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Future of Perovskite Photovoltaics—Thermal Evaporation or Solution Processing?

Vaynzof

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

169

148

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single solution, which is deposited onto the substrate, following by a thermal annealing step. [6,7] While this approach is very simple and is still relatively common for certain perovskite compositions, [8,9] the perovskite precursors maybe undergo various chemical reactions in solution, which will influence both the resulting film and the performance of photovoltaic devices. [10] An alternative approach, especially popular in the early days of perovskite research, is the two-step approach, in which one of the precursors is deposited first, followed by the deposition of a second precursor and thermal annealing. [11] Most commonly, the first precursor (e.g., lead iodide, PbI 2) is deposited by spin-coating, while the second one (e.g., methylammonium iodide, MAI) can be deposited by dipping the sample into a solution, [12] or by spin-coating on top of the first layer. [13] For a time, devices fabricated using the two-step method showed higher performance than those made using the one-step, [14] but the situation drastically changed upon the introduction of the solvent engineering approach, [15] which remains the most commonly used to date. This method is a modification of the one-step approach, with all perovskite precursors deposited in a single step, during which an antisolvent is applied triggering the crystallization of the perovskite film. [16] Similarly, several variations of deposition of perovskite layers by thermal evaporation have also been demonstrated. These include the single-source evaporation, sequential evaporation and multiple source coevaporation (Figure 1). Single-source evaporation is possible either via combining the perovskite precursors into a single crucible [17] or by first preparing (e.g., via solution-processing) perovskite crystals that are ground into a powder for evaporation. [18] Sequential evaporation follows a similar approach to that of the two-step solution-processed deposition, with each precursor evaporated separately, following by a thermal or vapor annealing. [19] The most common approach, however, is based on the multisource evaporation, in which each precursor is loaded into a separate crucible and is coevaporated along with all other precursors to form the perovskite layer. Importantly, unlike solution-processed perovskite films, it is possible to form crystalline perovskite layers by thermal evaporation without annealing; [20] however, many studies still rely on annealing for improving the evaporated films' properties. [21,22] It is noteworthy that many additional methods for the deposition of perovskite films exist such as inkjet printing, [23] spray coating, [24] chemical vapor deposition, [25] flash evaporation, [26] and many others; [27] however, these methods are less common in literature and generally show lower performance than those fabricated by the methods outlined above. The last decade has seen remarkable advancements in the field of perovskite materials and photovoltaic technologies. One of their most extraordinary characteristics is the high quality of layer...

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Section: Photovoltaic Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Future of Perovskite Photovoltaics—Thermal Evaporation or Solution Processing?

Vaynzof

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

169

148

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“…[5] Here, we focus on the challenge of incorporating alloys in vapor processes. Although there are many vapor deposition processes, most fall into one of two categories: single-step processes such as coevaporation, [7][8][9] and sequential, deposition-plus-reaction processes. [10][11][12][13] In coevaporation systems, it has proven difficult to control the flux of volatile organic reactants such as methylammonium iodide (MAI) using, for example, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and Structural Characterization of Methylammonium‐ and Formamidinium‐Halide Salts

Harding

Dobson

Ogunnaike

et al. 2021

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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Four organic halide salts of interest to alloyed perovskite solar cell fabrication are characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis. The chemical and crystal structures of methylammonium iodide (MAI), methylammonium bromide (MABr), and formamidinium iodide (FAI) are confirmed, and the experimental ATR‐FTIR spectrum and XRD pattern of formamidinium bromide (FABr) are presented. The enthalpy, ΔH vap, and entropy, ΔS vap, of vaporization are quantified for each salt and are used to estimate their vapor pressures in the temperature range of 150–300 °C. MAI, MABr, and FAI have similar vapor pressures in this temperature range, whereas FABr has a higher vapor pressure in the temperature range of 150–240 °C. These data provide a foundation for achieving effective control of vapor phase concentrations for vapor processing of alloyed perovskite solar cells.

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“…Reproduced with permission. [ 260 ] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. e) Diagram of the Cs‐based perovskite alternative deposition process and graphic of 2D and 3D perovskite structures and diagram of perovskite growth through alternative deposition.…”

Section: Fabrication Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

All‐Inorganic CsPbI₂Br Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Developments and Challenges

et al. 2021

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In the past decade, organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received gigantic research attention owing to their prompt development in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from the initial 3.8% for the first prototype in 2009 to the present state‐of‐the‐art value of 25.5%. However, due to the weak‐bonded organic components in the hybrid crystal structure, the intrinsic chemical instability of OIHPs persuaded by humidity, ultraviolet light, and heat remain a challenging issue for them to meet industrialization‐specific requirements. Parallel to the flourishing of OIHPs, the progress of inorganic cesium‐based metal halide PSCs (CsPbX3, X = I, Br, and mixed) is hastening with PCEs over 20%. Due to its excellent stability under thermal and high humidity conditions, CsPbI2Br is one of the most fascinating inorganic perovskites and a notable research hotspot in the field of perovskite photovoltaics (PV). Herein, recent developments of CsPbI2Br‐based PSCs including the optoelectronic properties, processing methods for preparing CsPbI2Br films, stability of devices, and efficiency improvements are reviewed and deliberated. Finally, cutting‐edge engineering approaches for optimizing the PV performance are discussed and new challenges and perspectives for future research in this field are recognized.

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Room-Temperature Vacuum Deposition of CsPbI₂Br Perovskite Films from Multiple Sources and Mixed Halide Precursors

Cited by 38 publications

References 101 publications

The Future of Perovskite Photovoltaics—Thermal Evaporation or Solution Processing?

The Future of Perovskite Photovoltaics—Thermal Evaporation or Solution Processing?

Thermal and Structural Characterization of Methylammonium‐ and Formamidinium‐Halide Salts

All‐Inorganic CsPbI₂Br Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Developments and Challenges

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Room-Temperature Vacuum Deposition of CsPbI2Br Perovskite Films from Multiple Sources and Mixed Halide Precursors

Cited by 38 publications

References 101 publications

The Future of Perovskite Photovoltaics—Thermal Evaporation or Solution Processing?

The Future of Perovskite Photovoltaics—Thermal Evaporation or Solution Processing?

Thermal and Structural Characterization of Methylammonium‐ and Formamidinium‐Halide Salts

All‐Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Developments and Challenges

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Room-Temperature Vacuum Deposition of CsPbI₂Br Perovskite Films from Multiple Sources and Mixed Halide Precursors

All‐Inorganic CsPbI₂Br Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Developments and Challenges