Room-temperature versus heating-mediated healing of a Diels-Alder crosslinked polymer network

Diaz, M.M.; Brancart, Joost; Assche, Guy Van; Mele, Bruno Van

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.026

Cited by 44 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The reversibility of the Diels-Alder reaction and its effect on the reversible network formation are well established in literature [25,26]. Detailed knowledge of the healing mechanism and of structure-property relationships allows tuning of the thermomechanical properties and thermal responsiveness [26] and of the healing behaviour [19]. In this work, the thermomechanical behaviour and thermochemistry of dynamically reversible polymer networks are linked to the coating properties and the microscopic healing behaviour of thin layers upon damage and to related limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Either the damage is healed under the application conditions, or an external stimulus is applied to activate the healing action. For the thermally reversible polymer networks based on the furan and maleimide Diels-Alder chemistry, room-temperature healing was compared to heating-mediated healing in a previous work [19]. In case of heating-mediated healing, two steps can be distinguished: First, the damage is sealed at elevated temperatures, and next, the mechanical properties are recovered at lower temperatures by a re-establishing of the (thermoreversible) links.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coupling the Microscopic Healing Behaviour of Coatings to the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Formation

et al. 2018

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While thermally reversible polymer network coatings based on the Diels-Alder reaction are widely studied, the mechanisms responsible for the heating-mediated healing of damage is still not well understood. The combination of microscopic evaluation techniques and fundamental insights for the thermoreversible network formation in the bulk and coating shed light on the mechanisms behind the damage healing events. The thermomechanical properties of thermoset and elastomer coatings, crosslinked by the furan-maleimide Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction, were studied in bulk and compared to the thermal behaviour applied as coatings onto aluminium substrates. The damage sealing of thermoset (Tg = 79 °C) and elastomer (Tg = −49 °C) coatings were studied using nano-lithography and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The sealing event is studied and modelled at multiple temperatures and correlated to the changes in the network structure and corresponding thermomechanical properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling the Microscopic Healing Behaviour of Coatings to the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Formation

et al. 2018

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“…This decrease in healing efficiency is attributed to the diffusion of the BMI molecules away from the crack surface . Another reason supporting this observation is the occurrence of DA reaction between neighboring furan and maleimide groups on the same side of the damaged section during the thermal treatment procedure, which made some of the DA reactants unable to rebuild cross‐links across the damaged surfaces …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…39 Another reason supporting this observation is the occurrence of DA reaction between neighboring furan and maleimide groups on the same side of the damaged section during the thermal treatment procedure, which made some of the DA reactants unable to rebuild cross-links across the damaged surfaces. 40 The level of the flexural modulus recovery for these three specimens is illustrated in Figure 16. In the multiple healing processes, it was observed that the failure occurred in the same region that the previous failure happened in the specimen, and only the shape of the failure area experienced change.…”

Section: Multiple Healingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the conversion degree and multiple healing on the healing efficiency of a thermally reversible self‐healing polymer

Shabani

Shokrieh

Zibaei

2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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In this paper, the effect of the cross‐links' conversion degree on the healing efficiency of a thermally remendable polymer based on the Diels‐Alder (DA) reaction was studied quantitatively. By using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results along with the Kissinger method, the conversion degree of the thermally reversible cross‐links was predicted as a function of time and temperature. For investigating the healing efficiencies at different conversion degrees, three‐point bending specimens were fabricated under certain curing conditions, which guaranteed the formation of both reversible and irreversible bonds. Afterward, specimens failed under three‐point bending test and healed up to certain conversion degrees. The results revealed on average 15%, 38%, and 83% recovery of flexural strength and 89%, 91%, and 93% recovery of flexural modulus at conversion degrees of 0.6, 0.8, and 1, respectively. Moreover, by repeating the damaging and healing procedure, it was shown that the synthesized polymer has the capability to be healed several times.

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“…Recent research has proved that through tuning of the material properties during synthesis, DA cross-linked networks can be developed that allow healing at room temperature. 19 In addition, multiple synthesis design parameters allow tuning the mechanical and processing properties of DA networks. 16 Brittle glassy self-healing thermoset networks can be synthesized as well as hyperflexible elastomers with high fracture strains.…”

Section: Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing for Self-Healing Soft Robots

et al. 2020

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The field of self-healing soft robots was initiated a few years ago. A healing ability can be integrated in soft robots by manufacturing their soft membranes out of synthetic self-healing polymers, more specifically elastomeric Diels-Alder (DA) networks. As such they can recover completely from macroscopic damage, including scratches, cuts, and ruptures. Before this research, these robots were manufactured using a technique named ''shapingthrough-folding-and-self-healing.'' This technique requires extensive manual labor, is relatively slow, and does not allow for complex shapes. In this article, an additive manufacturing methodology, fused filament fabrication, is developed for the thermoreversible DA polymers, and the approach is validated on a soft robotic gripper. The reversibility of their network permits manufacturing these flexible self-healing polymers through reactive printing into the complex shapes required in soft robotics. The degree of freedom in the design of soft robotics that this new manufacturing technique offers is illustrated through the construction of adaptive DHAS gripper fingers, based on the design by FESTO. Being constructed out of self-healing soft flexible polymer, the fingers can recover entirely from large cuts, tears, and punctures. This is highlighted through various damage-heal cycles.

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Room-temperature versus heating-mediated healing of a Diels-Alder crosslinked polymer network

Cited by 44 publications

References 42 publications

Coupling the Microscopic Healing Behaviour of Coatings to the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Formation

Coupling the Microscopic Healing Behaviour of Coatings to the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Formation

Effect of the conversion degree and multiple healing on the healing efficiency of a thermally reversible self‐healing polymer

Additive Manufacturing for Self-Healing Soft Robots

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