Root discoloration and shoot symptoms in silver birch afterPhytophthorainfectionin vitro

Abstract

• There are no records of established plant pathogenic Phytophthora species in Finnish forests, but they are likely in the future. Therefore, the effects of Phytophthora inoculations on young, ca. 2-month-old silver birch (Betula pendula) seedling roots and shoots were investigated. • Visual inspection of dark discoloration, direct PCR and re-isolation, and detailed root morphology analyses were used to evaluate the effects of Phytophthora inoculation on roots. Symptoms in leaves and stems were also recorded. • Phytophthora was successfully re-isolated from 67% of the surface-sterilized roots of inoculated seedlings, but not from the non-inoculated control seedlings. Dark discolorations were found more often in the root segments of inoculated seedlings than in control seedlings. In the Phytophthora-treated seedlings, discoloured root segments were usually linked and found primarily in the main root or lateral roots attached to it, whereas in the control seedlings a few single discoloured root segments were scattered throughout the root systems. The number of root segments was lower in the inoculated than in the control seedlings, indicating root loss after Phytophthora inoculation. In the shoots of inoculated birches, leaf and shoot wilting was observed. • The appearance of wilting in shoots without visible dark discoloration in the base of stems indicated that symptoms originated from roots inoculated with Phytophthora.

An Overview of Phytophthora Species on Woody Plants in Sweden and Other Nordic Countries

“…and P. abies , moderate lesions on B. pendula , and no infections on Q. robur or P. sylvestris [ 129 ]. In an in vitro study using two-month-old B. pendula , roots inoculated with P. cactorum often showed dark discolorations, loss of fine roots, and decreased branching [ 126 ], even though discolorations are not a specific symptom of Phytophthora infections [ 127 ]. The symptoms of the aboveground parts included reduced height growth, lower chlorophyll fluorescence, significantly longer dark or brown discolorations in the stems, and a higher proportion of brownish and wilting leaves [ 126 ].…”

“…In an in vitro study using two-month-old B. pendula , roots inoculated with P. cactorum often showed dark discolorations, loss of fine roots, and decreased branching [ 126 ], even though discolorations are not a specific symptom of Phytophthora infections [ 127 ]. The symptoms of the aboveground parts included reduced height growth, lower chlorophyll fluorescence, significantly longer dark or brown discolorations in the stems, and a higher proportion of brownish and wilting leaves [ 126 ]. Furthermore, inoculation trials on three-month-old B. pendula and A. glutinosa seedlings showed that P. cactorum was able to kill 40% of the B. pendula seedlings, but caused only small lesions on 40% of A. glutinosa seedlings [ 128 ].…”