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Water-saving irrigation and the mixed application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) and common urea (CU; with a higher nitrogen release rate) have shown promise in improving rice yield with high resource use efficiency. However, the physiological mechanism underlying this effect remains largely unknown. This study involved a field experiment on rice in Jingzhou City, Central China, in 2020 and 2021. Two irrigation regimes were employed [alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) and conventional flood irrigation (CI)], with three nitrogen (N) compounding modes [00% CU (N1), 60% CRNF + 40% CU (N2), and 100% CRNF (N3)] with an equal N rate of 240 kg ha−1. The results indicated a significant interactive effect of watering regimes and N compounding modes on net photosynthetic rate (Pn), leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD values; activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD), catalase (CAT), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamine 2-oxoglutarate amidotransferase (GOGAT), and nitrate reductase (NR); and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble protein in rice leaves. Compared with N1, N2 and N3 increased the Pn, LAI, and SPAD values; activities of SOD, POD, CAT, NR, GS, and GOGAT; and soluble protein content but decreased MDA content in the post-growth (heading and maturity) stages by 8.7%–31.2% under the two irrigation regimes. Compared to CI (traditional irrigation), AWD had higher Pn, LAI, and SPAD values; activities of SOD, POD, CAT, NR, GS, and GOGAT; and soluble protein content (increased by 12.1%–38.0%, and lower MDA content (reduced by 13.1%–27.6%) irrespective of N compounding modes. This suggested that AWD combined with N2 and N3 could delay the leaf senescence of rice, thus achieving a larger grain yield. Moreover, AWD significantly decreased water costs (irrigation amount) and labor costs (irrigation frequency), thus increasing total income. N2 decreased fertilizer costs with a higher or comparable total income compared with N3. Therefore, the AWDN2 treatment achieved the highest net income (13,907.1 CNY ha−1 in 2020 and 14,085.7 CNY ha−1 in 2021). AWD interacted with 60% CRNF + 40% (N2) to delay leaf senescence by improving photosynthesis, antioxidant defense system, osmoregulation, and N assimilation, contributing to high grain yield and net income in rice.
Water-saving irrigation and the mixed application of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) and common urea (CU; with a higher nitrogen release rate) have shown promise in improving rice yield with high resource use efficiency. However, the physiological mechanism underlying this effect remains largely unknown. This study involved a field experiment on rice in Jingzhou City, Central China, in 2020 and 2021. Two irrigation regimes were employed [alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) and conventional flood irrigation (CI)], with three nitrogen (N) compounding modes [00% CU (N1), 60% CRNF + 40% CU (N2), and 100% CRNF (N3)] with an equal N rate of 240 kg ha−1. The results indicated a significant interactive effect of watering regimes and N compounding modes on net photosynthetic rate (Pn), leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD values; activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD), catalase (CAT), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamine 2-oxoglutarate amidotransferase (GOGAT), and nitrate reductase (NR); and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble protein in rice leaves. Compared with N1, N2 and N3 increased the Pn, LAI, and SPAD values; activities of SOD, POD, CAT, NR, GS, and GOGAT; and soluble protein content but decreased MDA content in the post-growth (heading and maturity) stages by 8.7%–31.2% under the two irrigation regimes. Compared to CI (traditional irrigation), AWD had higher Pn, LAI, and SPAD values; activities of SOD, POD, CAT, NR, GS, and GOGAT; and soluble protein content (increased by 12.1%–38.0%, and lower MDA content (reduced by 13.1%–27.6%) irrespective of N compounding modes. This suggested that AWD combined with N2 and N3 could delay the leaf senescence of rice, thus achieving a larger grain yield. Moreover, AWD significantly decreased water costs (irrigation amount) and labor costs (irrigation frequency), thus increasing total income. N2 decreased fertilizer costs with a higher or comparable total income compared with N3. Therefore, the AWDN2 treatment achieved the highest net income (13,907.1 CNY ha−1 in 2020 and 14,085.7 CNY ha−1 in 2021). AWD interacted with 60% CRNF + 40% (N2) to delay leaf senescence by improving photosynthesis, antioxidant defense system, osmoregulation, and N assimilation, contributing to high grain yield and net income in rice.
With the constant advancement of irrigation technology and the continuous expansion of irrigation areas, non-point source pollution (NPS) caused by agricultural activities has posed a persistent threat to ecosystems and biological safety. Against this backdrop, it is imperative to lay scientific foundations for green, sustainable, and high-quality agricultural development through a thorough review of the relevant research progress. In this study, bibliometric methods are adopted to comprehensively analyze and visualize the current state and key literature on agricultural irrigation and NPS pollution from 2010 to July 2024. The focus of this study is specifically on summarizing the research hotspots and development trends of different irrigation methods and the mechanisms behind their impacts on NPS pollution. The results indicate that publications from the United States and China account for 63.8% of the total, but the fragmentation of research efforts remains, suggesting a necessity to strengthen international and regional collaboration. There are three institutions with the highest publication output, namely Northwest A&F University, Hohai University, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The subjects identified as the key areas of research on irrigation-related NPS pollution (IRR-NPS) include precision irrigation, rapid water pollution response, spatiotemporal management, interdisciplinary integration, wastewater treatment, and crop models. Regarding future research, it is necessary to focus attention on real-time precision irrigation, standardized crop models, data accuracy, spatiotemporal pollution coordination, pollution purification technology development, interdisciplinary integrated governance, and the innovative applications of soil improvement technologies. In addition to offering theoretical support and practical guidance for the management of agricultural NPS pollution, this study also provides management and technical support for policymakers, which is beneficial for advancing agricultural irrigation technology and environmental preservation.
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