Root Studies: XII. Root Systems of Apple on Malling Rootstocks on Five Soil Series

Coker, E. G.

doi:10.1080/00221589.1958.11513916

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Interestingly, the soil temperature Y intercept for root-dependent respiration in our peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. (Peach Group)] trees (Coker, 1958;Cripps, 1970;Glenn and Welker, 1993). RHIZOSPHERE RESPIRATION.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root Growth Phenology, Root Longevity, and Rhizosphere Respiration of Field Grown `Mutsu' Apple Trees on `Malling 9' Rootstock

Psarras¹,

Merwin²,

Lakso³

et al. 2000

jashs

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A 2-year field study of `Mutsu' apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] on `Malling 9' (M.9) rootstock was conducted to observe root growth in situ, and compare patterns of root growth, root maturation and turnover rates, and soil-root respiration. Rhizosphere respiration was monitored with a portable chamber connected to an infrared gas analyzer; root emergence, browning, and turnover rates were measured by direct observation through minirhizotron tubes inserted in the root zone. Negligible root growth was observed before the onset of shoot growth in mid-May. In both years, a main peak of new root emergence in late June and early July coincided partially with major phases of shoot and fruit growth. A smaller peak of root emergence during August to September 1997 consisted primarily of new roots at 20 to 45 cm soil depths. Most roots remained <1 mm in diameter and developed in the upper 25 cm soil profile; no roots were observed at any time below 50 cm, due to a compacted soil layer at that depth. The cumulative survivorship of new roots was 38% in 1996 and 64% in 1997, and 50% of emergent white roots turned brown or senesced within 26 days in 1996 and 19 days in 1997. Root turnover rates were highest in mid-August both years. Rhizosphere respiration was correlated (r2 = 0.36 and 0.59, P = 0.01 and 0.004) with soil temperatures in 1996 and 1997, with Q10 values of 2.3 in both years. The Q10 for root-dependent respiration (the difference between soil only and combined soil-root respiration) in 1997 was 3.1, indicating that roots were more sensitive than soil microflora to soil temperature. The temporal overlap of high rates of shoot, root and fruit growth from late May to mid-July suggests this is a critical period for resource allocations and competition in temperate zone apple trees.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root Growth Phenology, Root Longevity, and Rhizosphere Respiration of Field Grown `Mutsu' Apple Trees on `Malling 9' Rootstock

Psarras¹,

Merwin²,

Lakso³

et al. 2000

jashs

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“…Rooting depth, root density, specific root length, and changes in root to shoot ratios may be crucial in determining the relative tolerance of different rootstocks to water stress. Coker (1958) reported that rooting depth was controlled mostly by soil type and profile; only in deep and permeable soils was there an effect of rootstock genotype. Rooting density or depth may be higher for invigorating rootstocks (Rogers, 1939), but root to shoot ratios and morphology of the root system could be as important as the actual soil volume exploited by roots.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Stress Affects Rhizosphere Respiration Rates and Root Morphology of Young `Mutsu' Apple Trees on M.9 and MM.111 Rootstocks

Psarras¹,

Merwin²

2000

jashs

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One-year-old potted `Mutsu' apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] trees on scion invigorating Malling-Merton 111 (MM.111) and scion dwarfing Malling 9 (M.9) rootstocks were grown outdoors in containers under three levels of water availability (irrigated at -20, -80, and -200 kPa) to investigate the effects of soil water availability on combined soil/root (rhizosphere) respiration rates, and developmental morphology of root systems. Rhizosphere respiration was measured with a portable infrared gas analyzer, and root biomass was estimated by electrical capacitance. These nondestructive measurements were compared with final root dry weights of harvested trees, to determine their reliability for estimating relative differences in root biomass. Water stress reduced final biomass similarly for both rootstocks, but the relative reduction in shoot growth was greater for MM.111. Root to shoot ratios were higher and average specific root respiration was lower for M.9 rootstock compared with MM.111. M.9 appeared to be more tolerant of water stress then MM.111, due to reduced canopy transpiration relative to root system mass. Water stress increased root to shoot ratios, specific root length, and the carbohydrate costs of root maintenance as indicated by specific respiration rates. Root dry weight (DW) was better correlated to rhizosphere respiration than to root electric capacitance. The observed r2 values between root capacitance and root DW were as high as 0.73, but capacitance measurements were also influenced by soil water content and rootstock type. Electrical capacitance estimated total root biomass more accurately for M.9 than for MM.111.

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“…These studies have identified a range of plant, environmental and orchard management factors affecting root distribution (Atkinson 1980). For traditional, non-irrigated plantings it has long been believed that lateral root spread generally can exceed canopy extent and that reduction of root spread is generally but not always observed for dwarfing rootstocks such as M.IX (Rogers and Vyvyan 1934;Coker 1958). Few comparisons of the effects of rootstock on root distribution in fertigated orchards have been made.…”

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confidence: 99%

Irrigation frequency and quantity affect root and top growth of fertigated 'McIntosh' apple on M.9, M.26 and M.7 rootstock

Neilsen¹,

Parchomchuk²,

Berard³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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A study was undertaken in order to quantify the effects of rootstock and irrigation level on the rooting pattern of fertigated apple trees. A profile trench observation method was used to map the number and location of root intersections at two planes relative to drip emitters for NP-fertigated McIntosh apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh). Four replicates of all combinations of three rootstocks (M.9, M.26 and M.7, planted in 1990) and two irrigation treatments [F1 (daily, watered to field capacity) and F2 (weekly, watered to 50% available soil water capacity, imposed in 1991)] were investigated after the 1994 growing season. Dwarfing rootstocks and F2-irrigation had lower top vigour and yield per tree. Cumulative yield efficiency was greater for trees on dwarfing rootstock but was unaffected by irrigation treatment. Root numbers per observation plane paralleled rootstock vigour, being lowest for M.9 and greatest for M.7. No effect of irrigation on root number was observed. Root distribution was affected by an interaction between rootstock and irrigation treatment with average root location moving closer to the surface and emitter for the dwarfing rootstocks M.9 and M.26 but not for M.7 under F1-irrigation. Key words: Vigour, yield, drip emitter, root number and distribution

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Root Studies: XII. Root Systems of Apple on Malling Rootstocks on Five Soil Series

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Root Growth Phenology, Root Longevity, and Rhizosphere Respiration of Field Grown `Mutsu' Apple Trees on `Malling 9' Rootstock

Root Growth Phenology, Root Longevity, and Rhizosphere Respiration of Field Grown `Mutsu' Apple Trees on `Malling 9' Rootstock

Water Stress Affects Rhizosphere Respiration Rates and Root Morphology of Young `Mutsu' Apple Trees on M.9 and MM.111 Rootstocks

Irrigation frequency and quantity affect root and top growth of fertigated 'McIntosh' apple on M.9, M.26 and M.7 rootstock

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