Roots and STEMS? Examining field of study choices among northern and rural youth in Canada

Hango, Darcy; Zarifa, David; Milian, Roger Pizarro; Seward, Brad

doi:10.1080/03075079.2019.1643308

Cited by 15 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…While parents’ education has been shown to be a strong predictor of youth's likelihood of leaving their northern communities to seek PSE (Hango et al. 2019; Looker and Naylor 2009; Zarifa et al. 2018), researchers are also finding that youth's own education levels may influence whether or not they will return to their hometowns.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Third, in step with previous studies on Canada's provincial North (e.g., Allen and Perrault 2015; Hango et al. 2019; McNiven and Purderer 2000; Zarifa et al. 2018), our definition of north–south boundaries was consistent with the geopolitical definition of the Conference Board of Canada, Statistics Canada, and the Northern Development Ministers and adheres to the north‐south variant recommended by Statistics Canada (2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, securing stable employment, and employment commensurate with one's field or level of education, is becoming ever more difficult in northern economies, and may be contributing to higher out‐migration rates among youth aged 15 to 30 (Andres and Licker 2005; Dupuy, Mayer, and Morrisette 2009; Hango et al. 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…New studies on Canada's provincial North are pointing to inequalities in access to postsecondary education (PSE) and more lucrative fields of study (e.g., STEM) (see Hango et al. 2019; Zarifa et al. 2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This blind spot in existing research is worrisome, since northern regions of Canadian provinces have similar social and economic characteristics in comparison to the territories such as economies dependent on natural resources, smaller populations in urban centers, larger rural populations, more Indigenous peoples, and colder climates (Allen and Perrault 2015; Coates and Poelzer 2014; Hango et al. 2019; Pizarro Milian, Seward, and Zarifa 2020; Zarifa et al. 2018; Zarifa, Seward, and Pizarro Milian, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Will They Stay or Will They Go? Examining the Brain Drain in Canada's Provincial North

Hillier

Sano

Zarifa

et al. 2020

Canadian Review of Sociology

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Brain drain is an increasingly important concern for local governments in northern communities in Canada in maintaining and enhancing human capital levels to sustain vibrant economies and communities. Researchers, however, have yet to examine the magnitude of north‐south out‐migration nor do we know the characteristics of youth who are likely to relocate. Our study contributes to this knowledge gap by employing multiple waves from Statistics Canada's Youth in Transition Survey (Cohort A) linked to each youth's reading scores from the Programme for International Student Assessment (measured at age 15), and longitudinally to their tax filer information until age 30 (T1 Family Files).

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Will They Stay or Will They Go? Examining the Brain Drain in Canada's Provincial North

Hillier

Sano

Zarifa

et al. 2020

Canadian Review of Sociology

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How digital communications contribute to shaping the career paths of youth: a review study focused on farming as a career option

Unay‐Gailhard

Brennen

2022

Agric Hum Values

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Can the power of digital communications create opportunities for overcoming generational renewal problems on farms? This interdisciplinary review explores the reported impacts of digital communication on career initiation into farming from a global perspective via the lens of career theories. Seventy-three papers were synthesized into two domains: (1) the impact of digital communication interactions on farming career initiation, and (2) the dynamics of digital communication initiatives that create opportunities to inspire youth into farming. The finding shows that the mainstream literature primarily aims to support the continuity of farming careers but pay little attention to the potential of digital communication to attract youth into farming. This review argues that career communications for farming receives insufficient attention, and could be better integrated into agricultural communications strategies by using the potential of digital communications. Study concludes that while economic and geographic factors, as well as societal and cultural norms, lead to negative perceptions on farming careers, there are three pathways that may contribute to breaking down these negative perceptions. Firstly, taking the changing nature of career motivations, such as the trend towards sustainable farming linked to self-fulfillment, among today’s youth into consideration is essential. Secondly, highlighting technological advances in digital agriculture practices, like geographical flexibility or innovation capacity of farming, for example, is important to increase awareness about new opportunities in the profession. Lastly, communication campaigns with targeted groups (e.g., young females) play a role to change the negative perceptions of the rural way of life and the farming profession.

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When Pay Equity Policy Is not Enough: Persistence of the Gender Wage Gap Among Health, Education, and STEM Professionals in Canada, 2006‒2016

Gupta

Singh²,

Balcom

2022

Can. Stud. Popul.

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This study examines gender, geographic, and earnings inequalities within and across 13 health, education, and STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and computer science) professions in Canada. Data from the 2006 and 2016 population censuses were pooled and linked to a continuous geospatial remoteness index for assessing trends in occupational feminization and associated employment earnings among degree-holding professionals aged 25–54. Linear regression and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition methods were used to analyze how personal, professional, and socioenvironmental factors may attenuate or magnify wage differentials by sex. Results show the STEM professions tended to remain male-dominated, heavily urbanized, and subject to significantly lower earnings for women compared to men. Other historically female-dominated professions, notably nursing professionals and secondary school teachers, were characterized with geographic distributions most closely approaching the general population, relatively narrower gender wage gaps, but also lower average annual earnings. A significant gender wage differential was found in each profession, with women earning 4.6‒12.5% less than men, after adjusting for traditional human capital measures, social characteristics intersecting with gender, and community remoteness and accessibility. Residential remoteness and census period generally explained little of the gender wage gap. Despite decades of pay equity policies in Canada, women’s earnings averaged 2.3‒7.9% less than men’s due to unexplained factors, a finding which may be attributed, at least in part, to persistent (unmeasured) gender discrimination even in highly educated professions.

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Roots and STEMS? Examining field of study choices among northern and rural youth in Canada

Cited by 15 publications

References 76 publications

Will They Stay or Will They Go? Examining the Brain Drain in Canada's Provincial North

Will They Stay or Will They Go? Examining the Brain Drain in Canada's Provincial North

How digital communications contribute to shaping the career paths of youth: a review study focused on farming as a career option

When Pay Equity Policy Is not Enough: Persistence of the Gender Wage Gap Among Health, Education, and STEM Professionals in Canada, 2006‒2016

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