Rorschach Protocols From Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Perceptual-Organizational Characteristics of the Rorschach Task

“…Reliability and validity estimates of the Rorschach are described extensively elsewhere (Exner, 1993(Exner, , 2003Exner & Weiner, 1995;Viglione, 1999;Viglione & Hilsenroth, 2001;Wagner, Alexander, Roos, & Adair, 1986;Weiner, 1996Weiner, , 1997. For example, research studies with children suggest that various conceptually related Rorschach scores reflect developmentally appropriate trends in emotional modulation and perceptual accuracy (Weiner, 1996), relate to measures of global cognitive functioning (Wood, Krishnamurthy, & Archer, 2003), learning disability status (Acklin, 1990;Acklin & Fechner-Bates, 1989;Cruz, Brier, & Reznikoff, PERCEPTUAL-ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 791 1997), and are reflective of thought disorder (Smith, Baity, Knowles, & Hilsenroth, 2001;Stokes, Pogge, Grosso, & Zaccario, 2001), conduct disorder (Liebman, Porcerelli, & Abell, 2005;Smith, Gacono, & Kaufman, 1997); PTSD (Holaday, 2000), and ADHD (Bartell & Solanto, 1995). Because of their purported relationship to aspects of visual processing, organization, and representation and perceptual accuracy (Exner, 1993(Exner, , 2000, the following Rorschach variables were examined: DQ, FQ, Zd, location (W, D, Dd, S), WDA%, and PTI.…”

Assessing Effects of National Trauma on Adaptive Functioning of Mentally Healthy Adults: An Exploratory Rorschach Study

“…Nonetheless, it can be used as a constellation index for evaluating level of subjective distress. Elevated DEPI was found among children and adolescents diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as compared to American reference data (Holaday, 2000), and in sexually abused girls being compared to a matched clinical group without history of abuse (Leifer, Shapiro, Martone, & Kassem, 1991), pointing out the depressive component of PTSD in children and adolescents. Nonetheless, Rorschach depressive indicators in protocols of traumatized adults seem to be less obvious (Frueh, Leverett, & Kinder, 1995).…”

“…The PTI was empirically validated as a measure of thinking disturbances when used categorically with a cutoff score of 3 (Weiner & Greene, 2008). Elevated SCZI or PTI were found in Rorschach protocols of adults with traumatic background as compared to those without history of trauma (Smith, Chang, Kochinski, Patz, & Nowinski, 2010), and in those of traumatized children and adolescents (Holaday, 2000;Viglione, 1990) as compared to reference data. These findings were interpreted as showing cognitive disrupttion, when victims cannot comprehend or make sense of the irrational, illogical, and confusing experiences.…”

“…However, there has been growing empirical evidence that point out the Rorschach Inkblot Method (Rorschach, 1921) as a valid tool that might be very useful for clarifying psychological experiences in both children and adult traumatized patients (Armstrong & Loewenstein, 1990;Brand, Armstrong, & Loewenstein, 2006;Brand, Armstrong, Loewenstein, & McNary, 2009;Carlson & Armstrong, 1994;Clinton, & Jenkins-Monroe, 1994;Goldfinger, Amdur, & Liberzon, 1998;Hartman et al, 1990;Holaday, 2000;Leavitt & Labott, 1998;Lerner, 1998;Sloan, Arseault, Hilsenroth, Harvill, & Handler, 1995;Steinberg, 1996;Swanson, Blount, & Bruno,1990;Viglione, 1990;Zeligman, Smith, & Tibon, 2011).…”

Performance-Based Assessment in Schools

“…Indeed, the Rorschach has been found to be sensitive to a number of issues in child and adolescent assessment, including cognitive functioning (Acklin, 1990;Acklin & Fechner-Bates, 1989;Cruz, Brier, & Reznikoff, 1997;Wood, Krishnamurthy, & Archer, 2003), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Bartell & Solanto, 1995), aggression (Liebman, Porcerelli, & Abell, 2005;A. M. Smith, Gacono, & Kaufman, 1997), posttraumatic stress disorder (Holaday, 2000), thought disorder (S. R. Smith, Baity, Knowles, & Hilsenroth, 2001;Stokes, Pogge, Grosso, & Zaccario, 2001), and treatment outcome (Abraham, Lepisto, Lewis, Schultz, & Finkelberg, 1994). Furthermore, the general reliability and validity of this measure has been supported in a number of studies (Exner, 2003;Ganellen, 1996;Gronnerod, 2003;Hiller, Rosenthal, Bornstein, Berry, & Brunell-Neuleib, 1999;Hilsenroth & Stricker, 2004;Meyer, 2000;Meyer & Archer, 2001;Meyer et al, 2002;Meyer, Mihura, & Smith, 2005;Parker, Hanson, & Hunsley, 1988;Society for Personality Assessment, 2005;Viglione, 1999;Viglione & Hilsenroth, 2001;Viglione & Taylor, 2003;Wagner, Alexander, Roos, & Adair, 1986;Weiner, 1996Weiner, , 1997.…”