ROS Function in Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress

Abstract

Oxidative stress refers to elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause damage to lipids, proteins and DNA. Oxidative stress has been linked to a myriad of pathologies. However, elevated ROS are also signaling molecules i.e. redox biology that maintain physiological functions. In this review we discuss the two faces of ROS, redox signaling and oxidative stress, and their contribution to both physiological and pathological conditions. Redox biology refers to low levels of ROS that activate signaling pathways to initiate biological processes while oxidative stress denotes high levels of ROS that incur damage to DNA, protein or lipids. Thus, the response to ROS displays hormesis. The In this review, we argue that redox biology, rather than oxidative stress, underlies physiological and pathological conditions.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) suppresses biomarkers of cell stress and kidney injury in diabetic mice

“…Importantly, these findings also point to more effective approaches for ameliorating chronic diseases associated with excessive oxidative stress. Specifically, our findings support the concept that the periodic stimulation of endogenous oxygen-dependent metabolic reactions and signaling pathways (Schieber and Chandel 2014) may be a superior approach to suppressing oxidative damage associated with chronic disease than using high levels of radical scavenging Bantioxidant^compounds.…”

“…This increased superoxide production and the subsequent formation of other reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear to underlie the establishment of a chronic pro-inflammatory state that eventually results in renal failure (Forbes et al 2008;Schieber and Chandel 2014). Although there is considerable experimental support for an underlying role of ROS in diabetic kidney dysfunction, chemical antioxidants provide little if any protection to renal tissue (Jun et al 2012).…”

Dietary myo-inositol modulates immunity through antioxidant activity and the Nrf2 and E2F4/cyclin signalling factors in the head kidney and spleen following infection of juvenile fish with Aeromonas hydrophila

“…A key component of the innate immune response is the generation of ROS by phagocytic cells [61]. However, increases in ROS levels within immune cells can also result in immune organ damage and pathology [62]. Thus, we next investigated the effects of dietary MI on ROS contents, the oxidative status and antioxidant abilities in the head kidneys and spleens of juvenile fish.…”

Glutamine at focus: versatile roles in cancer

“…Aberrant oncogenic or tumor suppressor signaling (see BOncogenic and tumor suppressor signaling pathways^section), hypoxia, metabolic defects, and ER-stress induce ROS and increases the demand for robust systems to establish the cellular redox status. Conversely, levels of ROS are eliminated by the production of glutathione and NADPH as well as ROS scavengers through Nrf2 [141,142]. As well described here, glutamine metabolism has been shown to be crucial to regulate cellular redox status, contributing to tumor development.…”

“…In fact, the dual function of ROS including both the physiological and pathological remains as a challenge to target cancer therapy. Thus, more studies would be needed to define whether to use pro-oxidant therapy to favor physiological ROS responses or antioxidant therapy to avoid ROS pathologies, which would help to solve this central question in redox biology [142].…”