ROS‐Mediated Apoptosis and Genotoxicity Induced by Palladium Nanoparticles in Human Skin Malignant Melanoma Cells

Abstract

The present work was designed to investigate the effect of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) on human skin malignant melanoma (A375) cells, for example, induction of apoptosis, cytotoxicity, and DNA damage. Diseases resulting from dermal exposure may have a significant impact on human health. There is a little study that has been reported on the toxic potential of PdNPs on A375. Cytotoxic potential of PdNPs (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μg/ml) was measured by tetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) and NRU assay in A375 cells. PdNPs elicited concentration and time-dependent cytotoxicity, and longer exposure period induced more cytotoxicity as measured by MTT and NRU assay. The molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were investigated by AO (acridine orange)/EtBr (ethidium bromide) stain and flow cytometry. PdNPs not only inhibit proliferation of A375 cells in a dose- and time-dependent model but also induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase (before 12 h) and S phase (after 24 h). The induction of oxidative stress in A375 cells treated with above concentration PdNPs for 24 and 48 h increased ROS level; on the other hand, glutathione level was declined. Apoptosis and DNA damage was significantly increased after treatment of PdNPs. Considering all results, PdNPs showed cytotoxicity and genotoxic effect in A375 cells.

Silver-doped graphene oxide nanocomposite triggers cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human hepatic normal and carcinoma cells

“…The rGO-Ag nanocomposite induced apoptosis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells. 36 The DNA damage and the oxidative stress observed in the present study are in accordance with the findings of Alarifi et al 37 in the human hepatocarcinoma cells for palladium nanoparticles and with Alkahtane 38 in the A549 for indium tin oxide nanoparticles.…”

Retracted: Comparative study of cyto‐ and genotoxic potential with mechanistic insights of tungsten oxide nano‐ and microparticles in lung carcinoma cells

“…Our observations are corroborated with a study in which human skin malignant melanoma cells were treated with palladium NPs. The results revealed DNA damage with an increase in caspase‐3 activity after exposure to palladium NPs for 24 and 48 hours (Alarifi, Ali, Alkahtani, & Almeer, ).…”

Intracellular Antioxidant Activity of Biocompatible Citrate-Capped Palladium Nanozymes

“…A careful study of the toxicological profile and intracellular fate of NPs is crucial to uncover their biomedical potential [28,31,33]. Although there are several studies reported in the literature [1,9,10,13,14,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][48][49][50][51][52][53][54], there is a lack of conclusive data about the biocompatibility of PdNPs. The results are rather conflicting, likely due to the high variety of PdNP synthetic protocols, dimensions, shapes, surface capping agents, purity, cellular lines used for toxicity tests, and the variability of experimental conditions.…”

“…Preliminary data suggest that PdNPs possess radical scavenging activity similar to that of natural enzymes, namely catalase (CAT) [14,16], peroxidase (HRP) [3,16,17], and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [14,15], but these studies are limited to a few cases, in a cell-free environment, and do not provide a clear picture of their structure-function relationship [18]. Moreover, despite such interesting features, the biomedical use of PdNPs is still limited, partially due to conflicting data about their toxicity [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. In this regard, the presence of synthesis by-products, endotoxins, contaminations, and surface functionalities has a strong influence and could be the reason of the observed toxicity in many reports [28].…”