Rotated plywood structure of primary lamellar bone in the rat: Orientations of the collagen fibril arrays

Weiner, Steve; Arad, Talmon; Sabanay, Ilana; Traub, W.

doi:10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00053-7

Cited by 191 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Thin and thick lamellae alternate and adjacent sheets are positioned at oblique angles to one another in what is referred to as a "twisted plywood" orientation (GiraudGuille, 1988) for structural support. The angles between adjacent arrays in lamellar bone have been studied (Weidenreich, 1930) and it was shown that most angles were 30 degrees with a subset at 70 degrees (Weiner et al, 1997). They proposed a structural model for collagen organization with an individual lamellar unit (thick and thin lamellae) composed of 5 arrays of parallel fibrils each offset by 30 degrees.…”

Section: Discussion Of Specific Structural Features Of Bone Developmementioning

confidence: 99%

Bone development and its relation to fracture repair. The role of mesenchymal osteoblasts and surface osteoblasts

Shapiro

2008

eCM

432

345

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Bone development occurs by two mechanisms: intramembranous bone formation and endochondral bone formation. Bone tissue forms by eventual differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into either mesenchymal osteoblasts (MOBL), which synthesize woven bone in random orientation, or surface osteoblasts (SOBL), which synthesize bone on surfaces in a well oriented lamellar array. Bone repair uses the same formation patterns as bone development but the specific mechanism of repair is determined by the biomechanical environment provided. Bone synthesis and maintenance are highly dependent on the blood supply of bone and on cell-cell communication via the lacunar-canalicular system. Recent investigations highlight the molecular cascades leading to cell differentiation, the components of the structural proteins such as the various collagens, and tissue vascularization. The patterning of bone matrix from an initial woven to an eventual lamellar orientation is essential for bone to develop its maximum strength. This review demonstrates the repetitive nature of woven to lamellar bone formation as mediated by MOBLs and SOBLs in both normal vertebrate bones and bone repair. Repair, using endochondral, primary, direct and distraction osteogenesis mechanisms, is reviewed along with the associated molecular, vascular, and biophysical features. Introductory concepts and terms Bone formationBone formation is complex but the three-dimensional positioning of cells and matrices is straightforward. As in any discussion of bone formation it is important to keep in mind the distinction between bone as a tissue (bone cells and the mineralized matrix) and bone as an organ (including several tissues such as bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, marrow and blood vessels). Normal bone develops using only 2 mechanisms: a) Intramembranous bone formation is mediated by the inner periosteal osteogenic layer with bone synthesized initially without the mediation of a cartilage phase. b) Endochondral bone formation describes the synthesis of bone on a mineralized cartilage scaffold after epiphyseal and physeal cartilage have shaped and elongated the developing organ. These mechanisms are also used in fracture and osteotomy repair with the specific mechanism dependent on the mechanical environment provided during repair. With intramembranous bone repair, mesenchymal cells differentiate along a preosteoblast to osteoblast line while endochondral bone repair is characterized by the initial synthesis of cartilage followed by the endochondral sequence of bone formation. The terms intramembranous and endochondral refer to the tissue being replaced, not to the eventual bone synthesized which is the same in both mechanisms. Matrix orientationIn bone tissue formation osteoblasts synthesize and deposit type I collagen, the main protein constituent of bone matrix, in only 2 basic conformations, a) woven and b) lamellar. In woven bone the collagen fibrils are randomly oriented while in lamellar bone they are clustered in parallel arrays. The fibrils in lamellar...

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Section: Discussion Of Specific Structural Features Of Bone Developmementioning

confidence: 99%

Bone development and its relation to fracture repair. The role of mesenchymal osteoblasts and surface osteoblasts

Shapiro

2008

eCM

432

345

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“…The diffracted intensity pattern from the polycrystalline aggregates hence can be useful in characterizing the spatial arrangement and orientation of the crystals. X-ray pole figure analysis is a popular tool in the texture characterization [14,[80][81][82] and the orientation patterns of collagen fibers in bone are well documented [83][84][85][86][87][88]. The texture analysis of mineral crystals using x-ray pole figure reveals that the mineral crystals are oriented not only parallel to the long axis of bone but also in other directions [80,82], and that the orientations of mineralized fibrils form a spiral around the central axis, exhibiting varying orientation angles in different lamellae [81,89].…”

Section: Orientation Of Mineral Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray diffraction as a promising tool to characterize bone nanocomposites

Tadano

Giri

2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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To understand the characteristics of bone at the tissue level, the structure, organization and mechanical properties of the underlying levels down to the nanoscale as well as their mutual interactions need to be investigated. Such information would help understand changes in the bone properties including stiffness, strength and toughness and provide ways to assess the aged and diseased bones and the development of next generation of bio-inspired materials. X-ray diffraction techniques have gained increased interest in recent years as useful non-destructive tools for investigating the nanostructure of bone. This review provides an overview on the recent progress in this field and briefly introduces the related experimental approach. The application of x-ray diffraction to elucidating the structural and mechanical properties of mineral crystals in bone is reviewed in terms of characterization of in situ strain, residual stress-strain and crystal orientation.

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“…For example, Landis et al [26] visualized the packing of apatite crystals in collagen fibers and Weiner et al [61] visualized the arrangement of adjacent lamellae in lamellar bone, producing vital information for the analysis of bone behavior. In scanning microscopy, for example, the increasing prevalence of environmental chambers and the ability to perform mechanical tests while examining the specimen by scanning allow us to see the effects of different humidities on bone behavior.…”

Section: Improvements In Old Methods For Characterizing Bonementioning

confidence: 99%