Rotavirus Group A Genotypes Detected Through Diarrheal Disease Surveillance in Haiti, 2012

Abstract

Abstract. Samples collected in 2012 through diarrheal disease surveillance in Haiti were tested for rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay and real time RT-PCR and positive samples were genotyped. The predominant genotypes were G1P[8] (29% prevalence) and G9P[8] (21%). The observed genotype prevalence was similar to that reported previously for other Caribbean countries.Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis in children 5 years of age worldwide. An estimated 453,000 children aged 5 years die of RVA diarrhea each year, with 85% of these deaths occurring in low-income countries.

Rotavirus Strain Trends in United States, 2009–2016: Results from the National Rotavirus Strain Surveillance System (NRSSS)

“…We demonstrated that a genotype shift from G3P [8] to G12P [8] occurred during the surveillance period. This genotype shift is consistent with findings from other US surveillance systems [39,60] as well as many countries [61][62][63][64][65] that found an increased incidence of genotype G12 during the 2012 RVA season; more specifically, the G12 lineage-III (allele A) associated with the P [8] genotype, although G12P [6] was found to be present at lower levels [18,19]. Phylogenetic analyses showed limited sequence (VP7 and VP4) variation within the common genotypes; most wild-type strains belonged to one lineage, with the exception of G1, G3 and G9 strains, which clustered within 2-3 lineages.…”

Rotavirus Strain Trends During the Postlicensure Vaccine Era: United States, 2008–2013

“…G12 RVA are considered emerging human RVA strains, and the lineage III G12 allele has spread worldwide rapidly [18, 19]. Strain G12P[8] was associated with a large outbreak of pediatric gastroenteritis in Rochester in 2007 (an outbreak detected through the NSVN) [13], and this genotype has been reported recently in Niger [20], Spain [21], Nicaragua [22], Haiti [23], and Australia [24]. It appears that G12P[8] strains now are established in the United States.…”

Diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in Haiti before and after introduction of monovalent vaccine

“…Genotyping was performed using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to determine the G and P genotypes. VP7 and VP4 genotyping RT-PCR was performed using a conventional multiplexed one-step amplification process with slight modifications ( Esona et al., 2015 ). In brief, the genotype G2 (G2-R4), G4 (G4-R2), and G9 (G9-R2) specific primers were replaced with updated versions: G2-R1 (TAT GTA GTC CAT YGT ATT AGT), G4-R1 (GAG CAT TCG MTA ATA MTG ATA ATA C), and G9-R3 (CAG AGT ATY YTT CCA TTC HGT ATC TCC) ( Esona et al., 2021 ).…”

“…In Haiti, data from the 2010–2012 RVA seasons showed that acute diarrhea accounted for 26% of hospitalizations in children under 5 years and 13% of hospital deaths ( Vinekar et al., 2015 ). Prior to vaccine introduction, G1P[8] was the predominant genotype circulating in Haiti, followed by G9P[8] ( Esona et al., 2015 ). In April 2014, the Ministry of Health introduced the monovalent vaccine, Rotarix, which is an attenuated human G1P[8] RVA strain ( Esona et al., 2015 ; Ward et al., 2008 ).…”