Rotavirus Infection in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Ecuador *

Sano, Hiroshi; Aman, Y; Kinebuchi, Hideo; Vera, E. Gutiérrez; Dávila, Alfredo; López, Jazmín; Gustabo, R; Konno, Tasuke; Ishida, Nakao

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.293

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…This result also provided further evidence that rotavirus infection occurred all year round with less seasonal variation in tropical areas. Numerous studies in tropical countries, such as Venezuela [de Torres et al, 1978] and Ecuador [Suzuki et al, 1981], also found no seasonal pattern of rotavirus infection, whereas rotavirus infection has been reported in dry seasons in Costa Rica [Hieber et al, 1978], India [Maiya et al, 1977], and Bangladesh [Black et al, 1980]. This is also similar to other North African countries such as Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt where rotavirus infection was found to occur predominantly in the dry season [Puel et al, 1982;Tazi-lakhsassi, 1988;Tchambaz et al, 1989;el-Mougi et al, 1989;Trabelsi et al, 2000].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Epidemiological features of rotavirus infection among hospitalized children with gastroenteristis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Doan

Okitsu

Nishio

et al. 2003

Journal of Medical Virology

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An epidemiological study of the G serotype and P genotype distribution of group A rotaviruses by using ELISA and/or RT-PCR was conducted in children (aged 1 month to 15 years) with diarrhea that were admitted to the General Children's Hospital No. 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from December 1999 to November 2000. The results showed that rotavirus is associated with 65.6% (889/1355) of diarrheal admissions. Rotavirus infection mostly affected children under 2 years of age with a peak incidence in children 1 to 2 years of age (75.7%) and it occurs year round with a slight seasonal pattern; 99.5% of the specimens could be G-typed: G1 was predominant (68.7%), followed by G4 (15.4%), G2 (12.3%), G3 (0.6%), and G9 (0.5%). High identities of VP7 nucleotide (96.3 to 96.9%) and deduced amino acid (98.1 to 98.4%) were found between two Vietnamese G9 strains and also the recent emergence of G9 strains US 1205, Brazilian R143, and Malawian MW69. Mixed infections were identified in 17 (2.0%), and 5 strains (0.5%) remained untypable. The four most common worldwide strains, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], and G4P[8], constituted 81.1% of all rotaviruses typed with G1P[8] being the most prevalent type (58.2%). Unusual G/P combinations (11 strains) were detected in 11.7% of all strains, of which, G1P[4] was the most prevalent, accounting for 5.6% of the total. Several combinations of G and P types were observed in this study, suggesting a complex rotavirus infection pattern in Vietnam. This study has provided for the first time clear indication on the circulating G and P genotypes among hospitalized children in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The results suggest that these viral infections are prevalent among hospitalized children and that the four most common worldwide G types as well as the four most common G-P combinations were also infecting children in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. This result could have important implications for rotavirus vaccine programs and for understanding the epidemiological characteristics of human rotavirus in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Epidemiological features of rotavirus infection among hospitalized children with gastroenteristis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Doan

Okitsu

Nishio

et al. 2003

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…In temperate climates such as in northern Japan, increases in the infection rate appeared to be related to the drop in temperature, but not to the outside relative humidity (205 (235), Bangladesh (20), Indonesia (336), Ecuador (348), and Costa Rica (152), rotavirus infections tend to peak during the dry season. However, no distinct seasonal variation occurred in other reports from tropical countries, including Ecuador (345) and Venezuela (80) (78) found that three-fourths of the nosocomial infections they studied occurred in the winter rotavirus season. Hjelt et al (159) found that approximately half of the nosocomial rotavirus infections they investigated occurred during an epidemic outbreak whereas the other half were scattered with regard to season.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 80%

Human viral gastroenteritis

Christensen

1989

Clin Microbiol Rev

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During the last 15 years, several different groups of fastidious viruses that are responsible for a large proportion of acute viral gastroenteritis cases have been discovered by the electron microscopic examination of stool specimens. This disease is one of the most prevalent and serious clinical syndromes seen around the world, especially in children. Rotaviruses, in the family Reoviridae, and fastidious fecal adenoviruses account for much of the viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children, whereas the small caliciviruses and unclassified astroviruses, and possibly enteric coronaviruses, are responsible for significantly fewer cases overall. In addition to electron microscopy, enzyme immunoassays and other rapid antigen detection systems have been developed to detect rotaviruses and fastidious fecal adenoviruses in the stool specimens of both nonhospitalized patients and those hospitalized for dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Experimental rotavirus vaccines have also been developed, due to the prevalence and seriousness of rotavirus infection. The small, unclassified Norwalk virus and morphologically similar viruses are responsible for large and small outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in older children, adolescents, and adults. Hospitalization of older patients infected with these viruses is usually not required, and their laboratory diagnoses have been limited primarily to research laboratories.

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“…Depending on the setting and study, 11.4% to 60% of children with acute diarrhea were found to have rotavirus. For each of the countries, the rates were: Argentina, 12.9% to 34% (77,78); Brazil, 13% to 40% (79-81); Chile, 11.4% to 40% (82,83); Costa Rica, 45.3% to 60% (84,85); Ecuador, 21.1% (86); Mexico, 14% to 32% (87,88); and Venezuela, 30% to 50% (75). Community-based studies have yielded average incidence rates of rotavirus infantile diarrhea that range from 0.17 episode/child/year to 0.8 episode/child/year, as follows: Argentina, 0.25 (89); Brazil, 0.3 (68); Chile, 0.8 (90); Costa Rica, 0.8 (85); Guatemala, 0.8 (85); and Venezuela, 0.17 (75).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus vaccines and vaccination in Latin America

Linhares

Bresee

2000

Rev Panam Salud Publica

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Worldwide, rotaviruses account for more than 125 million cases of infantile gastroenteritis and nearly 1 million deaths per year, mainly in developing countries. Rather than other control measures, vaccination is most likely to have a major impact on rotavirus disease incidence. The peak incidence of rotavirus diarrhea occurs between 6 and 24 months of age. In developing countries, however, cases are not uncommon among children younger than 6 months. G serotypes 1 to 4 are responsible for most disease, but there are indications that in Brazil that G type 5 is of emerging epidemiological importance. Both homotypic and heterotypic responses are elicited during natural rotavirus infection, and the immunological response at the intestinal mucosal surface is probably the more consistent predictor of clinical immunity. With the primary objective of protecting children against life-threatening dehydrating diarrhea, many approaches to rotavirus vaccine development have been attempted. One vaccine, the tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV), was given licensing approval in the United States of America, introduced to the market, and later withdrawn. A number of studies have found better efficacy of RRV-TV in developed countries than in developing ones. Field trials with a 4 x 10(4) plaque-forming units (PFU) preparation of RRV-TV have been carried out in two countries in Latin America, Brazil and Peru. Those trials yielded protective efficacy rates against all rotavirus diarrhea ranging from 18% to 35%. Data from a large catchment trial in Venezuela with a higher RRV-TV dose, of 4 x 10(5) PFU/dose, indicated an efficacy rate of 48% against all rotavirus diarrhea and 88% against severe rotavirus diarrhea. It appears that breast-feeding does not compromise the efficacy of RRV-TV if three doses of the vaccine are administered. Similarly, possible interference of oral poliovirus vaccine with the "take" of the rotavirus vaccine can be overcome by giving three doses of the rotavirus vaccine or by using a higher-titer formulation of it. Wild enteroviruses, however, may cause primary rotavirus vaccine failure in developing countries. Studies in Peru with RRV-TV have shown a trend towards higher vaccine efficacy rates against "pure" (rotavirus-only) diarrheal episodes. Economic analyses made in the United States indicate that a vaccine that costs less than US$ 9 per dose would lead to a net savings in medical costs. To date, however, cost-benefit studies have not been done in developing countries. In the future, it is possible that some Latin American countries might adapt their polio production facilities to the preparation of rotavirus vaccines for human use. A year after RRV-TV was licensed for vaccination of infants in the United States, the occurrence of intussusception as an adverse event led to the vaccine's withdrawal from the market. The implications of that action, particularly for Latin America, will be addressed in this article, including the need to explore alternative rotavirus candidate vacci...

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Rotavirus Infection in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Ecuador *

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Epidemiological features of rotavirus infection among hospitalized children with gastroenteristis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Epidemiological features of rotavirus infection among hospitalized children with gastroenteristis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Human viral gastroenteritis

Rotavirus vaccines and vaccination in Latin America

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