Rotman lens design and optimization for 5G applications

Ershadi, Seyyedehelnaz; Keshtkar, Asghar; Bayat, Alireza; Abdelrahman, Ahmed H.; Xin, Hao

doi:10.1017/s1759078718000934

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…where N 1 is the total number of elements in the array, C n1 are called the complex beam excitations, (p, q) represent points in space coordinate given by equation ( 41) [127][128][129]:…”

Section: Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many techniques that can generate fixed and multiple beams such as Blass matrix, Rotman lens, and dielectric lens. The field radiation pattern of the main beam can be modeled as equation (40):where is the total number of elements in the array, are called the complex beam excitations, represent points in space coordinate given by equation (41) [127–129]:…”

Section: G Antenna Designs In 24–40 Ghz Frequency Bandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design, developments, and applications of 5G antennas: a review

Pant

Malviya

2022

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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As the demand for high data rates is increasing day by day, fifth-generation (5G) becomes the leading-edge technology in wireless communications. The main objectives of the 5G communication system are to enhance the data rates (up to 20 Gbps) and capacity, ultra-low latency (1 ms), high reliability, great flexibility, and enhance device to device communication. The mentioned objectives lead to the hunting of the millimeter-wave frequency range which lies from 30 to 300 GHz for 5G wireless communications. To design such high capacity, low latency, and flexible systems, antenna design is one of the crucial parts. In this paper, a survey is presented on various antenna designs with their fabrication on different types of substrates such as Rogers RT/duroid 5880, Rogers RO4003C, Taconic TLY-5, etc., at different 5G frequency bands. The different configurations of antennas that covered antenna arrays, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, phased antennas, and beamforming antennas are discussed in detail with their applications. The design of MIMO antennas in the 5G frequency band occupied less space so mutual coupling reduction techniques are required for maintaining the required gain, efficiency, and isolation. This paper is also focused on the mutual coupling reduction techniques and diversity in MIMO antennas.

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“…where N 1 is the total number of elements in the array, C n1 are called the complex beam excitations, (p, q) represent points in space coordinate given by equation ( 41) [127][128][129]:…”

Section: Beamformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: G Antenna Designs In 24–40 Ghz Frequency Bandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, developments, and applications of 5G antennas: a review

Pant

Malviya

2022

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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“…Various methods and techniques have also been reported for reducing the sidelobe levels (SLLs) [31]- [37], increasing the scanning range [38], [39], realizing 2D scanning [40], improving the bandwidth performance [41]- [44], and miniaturizing the sizes of the Rotman lenses for applications in cellular systems [45].…”

Section: B Rotman Lensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasi-Optical Multi-Beam Antenna Technologies for B5G and 6G mmWave and THz Networks: A Review

Guo

Ansari

Ziolkowski

et al. 2021

IEEE Open J. Antennas Propag.

126

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Multi-beam antennas are critical components in future terrestrial and non-terrestrial wireless communications networks. The multiple beams produced by these antennas will enable dynamic networking of various terrestrial, airborne and space-borne network nodes. As the operating frequency increases to the high millimeter wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) bands for beyond 5G (B5G) and sixth-generation (6G) systems, quasi-optical techniques are expected to become dominant in the design of high gain multibeam antennas. This paper presents a timely overview of the mainstream quasi-optical techniques employed in current and future multi-beam antennas. Their operating principles and design techniques along with those of various quasi-optical beamformers are presented. These include both conventional and advanced lens and reflector based configurations to realize high gain multiple beams at low cost and in small form factors. New research challenges and industry trends in the field, such as planar lenses based on transformation optics and metasurface-based transmitarrays, are discussed to foster further innovations in the microwave and antenna research community.

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“…In [83], the Rotman is shown to have a bandwidth of 18-38 GHz. Another Rotman lens example at high frequencies is in [89] in which the lens operating frequency is from 25 to 31 GHz while generating seven beams.…”

Section: Mmwave Radio Signals Have Propagation Characteristics Such Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Beamformer development challenges for 5G and beyond

Abbasi

Fusco

2020

Antennas and Propagation for 5G and Beyond

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Antenna's beamforming technology [1] is vital in the utilization of the microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands for the fifth-generation (5G) communication technology, and beyond, applications that include the sixth generation (6G), Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 [2,3]. Antenna beamforming can be defined as the ability of an antenna array to steer the maximum radiation toward a prescribed direction, or, conversely, the ability of the antenna array to estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) of an impinging signal. Beamforming is generally achieved by using multiple antennas, spatially colocated to either function as an independent radiator or as a unit cell in larger array arrangements. Recently, the term multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) has been used in conjugation with the beamforming technology since it also involves multiple antenna systems, thus linking it to the beamforming technology [4]. When the number of antennas used in the MIMO operation becomes very large, it is generally termed massive MIMO technology [5]. Different beamforming concepts are used for the two frequency spectrum classifications in cellular technology, i.e., sub-6 GHz and mmWave. The majority of beamformer challenges at sub-6 GHz are already resolved, and prototypes are now available [6]; however, there are still major fundamental challenges that engineers face while developing beamformers for use in the mmWave bands, i.e., >28 GHz. Challenges include, but are not limited to, high path loss, power generation, adaption to account for realistic channel estimation, hardware impairments, energy leakage in circuits, high development cost, spatial-temporal channel variations, signal blockages due to the presence of obstacles such as beamformer casing, user body and hand. Also, multiuser MIMO techniques are not easily implementable in mmWave frequencies. In addition to this, beam coordination at transmitter and receiver antenna systems especially in mmWave spectrum is very challenging. In this chapter, we will first classify the beamformers based on the system architecture, operational frequency

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Rotman lens design and optimization for 5G applications

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Design, developments, and applications of 5G antennas: a review

Design, developments, and applications of 5G antennas: a review

Quasi-Optical Multi-Beam Antenna Technologies for B5G and 6G mmWave and THz Networks: A Review

Beamformer development challenges for 5G and beyond

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