Roughness of natural fault surfaces

Power, William L.; Tullis, Terry E.; Brown, Stephen R.; Boitnott, G. N.; Scholz, C. H.

doi:10.1029/gl014i001p00029

Cited by 356 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…(ii) Power spectrum analysis of the fault surface suggests that heterogeneities are observed over a large range of scale lengths (see Power et al, 1987, in particular Fig. 4).…”

Section: Signatures Of Fractional-brownian-motion Nature Of Faulting mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unfolding the procedure of characterizing recorded ultra low frequency, kHZ and MHz electromagnetic anomalies prior to the L'Aquila earthquake as pre-seismic ones - Part 2

Eftaxias¹,

Athanasopoulou²,

Balasis³

et al. 2010

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

147

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Abstract. Ultra low frequency-ULF (1 Hz or lower), kHz and MHz electromagnetic (EM) anomalies were recorded prior to the L'Aquila catastrophic earthquake (EQ) that occurred on 6 April 2009. The detected anomalies followed this temporal scheme. The question effortlessly arises as to whether the observed anomalies before the L'Aquila EQ were seismogenic or not. The main goal of this work is to provide some insight into this issue. More precisely, the main aims of this contribution are threefold: How can we recognize an EM observation as pre-seismic one? We aim, through a multidisciplinary analysis to provide some elements of a definition. How can we link an individual EM anomaly with a distinctive stage of the EQ preparation process? The present analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that the kHz EM anomalies were associated with the fracture of asperities that were distributed along the L'Aquila fault sustaining the system, while the MHz EM anomalies could be triggered by fractures in the highly disordered system that surrounded the backbone of asperities of the activated fault. How can we identify precursory symptoms in an individual EM precursor that indicate that the occurrence of the EQ is unavoidable? We clearly state that the detection of a MHz EM precursor does not mean that the occurrence of EQ is unavoidable; the Correspondence to: K. Eftaxias (ceftax@phys.uoa.gr) abrupt emergence of kHz EM emissions indicate the fracture of asperities. The observed ULF EM anomaly supports the hypothesis of a relationship between processes produced by increasing tectonic stresses in the Earth's crust and attendant EM interactions between the crust and ionosphere. We emphasize that we attempt to specify not only whether or not a single EM anomaly is pre-seismic in itself, but mainly whether a combination of emergent ULF, MHz and kHz EM anomalies could be characterized as pre-earthquake.

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“…(ii) Power spectrum analysis of the fault surface suggests that heterogeneities are observed over a large range of scale lengths (see Power et al, 1987, in particular Fig. 4).…”

Section: Signatures Of Fractional-brownian-motion Nature Of Faulting mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unfolding the procedure of characterizing recorded ultra low frequency, kHZ and MHz electromagnetic anomalies prior to the L'Aquila earthquake as pre-seismic ones - Part 2

Eftaxias¹,

Athanasopoulou²,

Balasis³

et al. 2010

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For comparison, we used α = 10°and α = 70°to represent end-members of the possible stress field predicted by Coulomb wedge theory [e.g., Wang and Hu, 2006]. Using appropriate values for~1 km depth of faulting, we assigned Young's modulus E = 3 GPa, Poisson's ratio v = 0.25, and roughness ratio A/L = 10 À3 [Power et al, 1987; …”

Section: Role Of Frictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The damage is done: Low fault friction recorded in the damage zone of the shallow Japan Trench décollement

Keren

Kirkpatrick

2016

JGR Solid Earth

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Fault damage zones record the integrated deformation caused by repeated slip on faults and reflect the conditions that control slip behavior. To investigate the Japan Trench décollement, we characterized the damage zone close to the fault from drill core recovered during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 343 (Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST)). Core‐scale and microscale structures include phyllosilicate bands, shear fractures, and joints. They are most abundant near the décollement and decrease in density sharply above and below the fault. Power law fits describing the change in structure density with distance from the fault result in decay exponents (n) of 1.57 in the footwall and 0.73 in the hanging wall. Microstructure decay exponents are 1.09 in the footwall and 0.50 in the hanging wall. Observed damage zone thickness is on the order of a few tens of meters. Core‐scale structures dip between ~10° and ~70° and are mutually crosscutting. Compared to similar offset faults, the décollement has large decay exponents and a relatively narrow damage zone. Motivated by independent constraints demonstrating that the plate boundary is weak, we tested if the observed damage zone characteristics could be consistent with low‐friction fault. Quasi‐static models of off‐fault stresses and deformation due to slip on a wavy, frictional fault under conditions similar to the JFAST site predict that low‐friction fault produces narrow damage zones with no preferred orientations of structures. These results are consistent with long‐term frictional weakness on the décollement at the JFAST site.

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“…Our numerical calculation demonstrate that b-value satisfied the observation value when the Hurst (Roughness) exponent H nealy equals to observation value (H ∼ 0.8 [4]). Therefore, the self-affine roughness is one of the important factors of statistical properties of EQs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In this study, therefore, we numerically investigate a 1-D BK model, considering inhomogeneous fault surfaces. Since the fault structure is self-affine fractal [4], the self-affine fault surface structure was considered. In order to estimate the degree of roughness of the self-affine structure, Hurst exponent H(0 < H < 1) is used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model of Earthquake Generation Exhibiting Self-Organized Criticality with Self-Affine Fault Surfaces

Hasumi¹,

Komura²,

Kamogawa³

et al. 2006

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Roughness of natural fault surfaces

Cited by 356 publications

References 10 publications

Unfolding the procedure of characterizing recorded ultra low frequency, kHZ and MHz electromagnetic anomalies prior to the L'Aquila earthquake as pre-seismic ones - Part 2

Unfolding the procedure of characterizing recorded ultra low frequency, kHZ and MHz electromagnetic anomalies prior to the L'Aquila earthquake as pre-seismic ones - Part 2

The damage is done: Low fault friction recorded in the damage zone of the shallow Japan Trench décollement

Model of Earthquake Generation Exhibiting Self-Organized Criticality with Self-Affine Fault Surfaces

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