Route to zero emission shipping: Hydrogen, ammonia or methanol?

McKinlay, Charles John; Turnock, S.R.; Hudson, Dominic A.

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.066

Cited by 167 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has set an ambitious decarbonisation target of reducing the CO 2 emissions from shipping by at least 50% by 2050 compared with the 2008 baseline [5]. Decarbonisation options for the maritime sector exist, such as green ammonia and green hydrogen technologies, but are limited due to the following key implementation barriers, namely: (1) cost, (2) fuel storage, (3) additional storage space demand, (4) technical maturity, (5) high fuel price, (6) limited availability, (7) lack of global bunkering infrastructure, (8) safety, and (9) lack of regulations [4]. Hence, using the currently available technologies, the most practical and pragmatic plan to achieve zero emissions includes the use of LNG and LPG as a bridge solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current methods of producing ammonia typically use fossil fuels to create a hydrogen feedstock and then, via the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process, combine hydrogen and Energies 2022, 15, 1453 2 of 11 nitrogen with the help of high temperatures, high pressures, and a catalyst [7][8][9]. Aziz et al provided an overview of the production, storage, and utilization of ammonia [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2020, global ammonia production accounted for 2% of total energy consumption and 1.3% of CO 2 emissions [11][12][13][14]. In recent years, the use of ammonia as a marine fuel has gained momentum [7,15,16]. Solar, wind, or hydropower is needed in order to produce green ammonia renewably.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solar, wind, or hydropower is needed in order to produce green ammonia renewably. The quantities needed to supply the shipping industry with ammonia as a fuel will need to increase and, therefore, the corresponding CO 2 emissions could increase if ammonia is not produced renewably [7,17]. As a result, the production of ammonia by renewable energy is imperative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of the Latest Trends in the Use of Green Ammonia as an Energy Carrier in Maritime Industry

Mallouppas¹,

Ioannou²,

Yfantis³

2022

Energies

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This review paper examines the key barriers to using green ammonia as an alternative fuel in maritime industry. A literature survey is performed based on research articles and grey literature, with the aim of discussing the technoeconomic problems with and benefits of ammonia and the relevant technologies. The limitations of ammonia as a maritime fuel and its supply chain, the expected percentage demand by 2030 and 2050, its economic performance compared to other shipping fuels such as hydrogen, and the current regulations that may impact ammonia as a maritime fuel are discussed. There are several key barriers to ammonia’s wide adoption: (1) High production costs, due to the high capital costs associated with ammonia’s supply chain; (2) availability, specifically the limited geographical locations available for ammonia bunkering; (3) the challenge of ramping up current ammonia production; and (4) the development of ammonia-specific regulations addressing issues such as toxicity, safety, and storage. The general challenges involved with blue ammonia are the large energy penalty and associated operational costs, and a lack of technical expertise on its use. Regardless of the origin, for ammonia to be truly zero-carbon its whole lifecycle must be considered—a key challenge that will aid in the debate about whether ammonia holds promise as a zero-carbon maritime fuel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of the Latest Trends in the Use of Green Ammonia as an Energy Carrier in Maritime Industry

Mallouppas¹,

Ioannou²,

Yfantis³

2022

Energies

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“…In 2013, the Korea Institute of Energy Research developed an ammoniagasoline engine, called AmVeh, by remodeling a gasoline-LPG fueled engine [25]. Recently, the development of fuel-powered ships utilizing LNG, hydrogen, and ammonia for lowcarbon emissions has been notable [26,27]. Ammonia-fueled propulsion ship development plans are being reported mainly by companies [28][29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Ammonia Combustion Technology in Thermal Power Generation System for Carbon Emission Reduction

Lee

2021

Energies

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With the formation of an international carbon-neutral framework, interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions is increasing. Ammonia is a carbon-free fuel that can be directly combusted with the role of an effective hydrogen energy carrier, and its application range is expanding. In particular, as research results applied to power generation systems such as gas turbines and coal-fired power plants have been reported, the technology to use them is gradually being advanced. In the present study, starting with a fundamental combustion research case conducted to use ammonia as a fuel, the application research case for gas turbines and coal-fired power plants was analyzed. Finally, we report the results of the ammonia-air burning flame and pulverized coal-ammonia-air co-fired research conducted at the authors’ research institute.

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