Routes for Hydrogen Introduction in the Industrial Hard-to-Abate Sectors for Promoting Energy Transition

Abstract

This paper offers a set of comprehensive guidelines aimed at facilitating the widespread adoption of hydrogen in the industrial hard-to-abate sectors. The authors begin by conducting a detailed analysis of these sectors, providing an overview of their unique characteristics and challenges. This paper delves into specific elements related to hydrogen technologies, shedding light on their potential applications, and discussing feasible implementation strategies. By exploring the strengths and limitations of each technology, this paper offers valuable insights into its suitability for specific applications. Finally, through a specific analysis focused on the steel sector, the authors provide in-depth information on the potential benefits and challenges associated with hydrogen adoption in this context. By emphasizing the steel sector as a focal point, the authors contribute to a more nuanced understanding of hydrogen’s role in decarbonizing industrial processes and inspire further exploration of its applications in other challenging sectors.

Electrochemical urea production using carbon dioxide and nitrate: state of the art and perspectives

“…In order to avoid ''false positive'' results of urea formation, isotope-labelled (e.g. 13 C or 15 N) experiments can be performed to produce and verify clear results regarding the source and the mechanism of urea formation. For example, NO x as contaminants are predominantly present in chemicals and in the atmosphere, so it is extremely important to validate and prove that urea produced through the electrocatalysis technique arises due to the reduction reactions of the reactants and not due to the presence of unwanted contaminants.…”

“…NMR is an advanced tool able to not only detect the produced urea and by-products by identifying their signature peaks but also indicate the nitrogen origin as various nitrates are present as common contaminants in the environment. 18 1 H-NMR spectra can help in effectively figuring out the nitrogen origin whereas the 13 C-NMR spectral examination can identify the carbon origin in the produced urea. However, it must be pointed out that the signal-to-noise ratio of an NMR experiment is proportional to B 3/2 0 , where B 0 is the magnetic field.…”

“…This has been demonstrated, for example, by the exponential growth of green H 2 production using water electrolyzers for reducing the emission of sectors such as transportation, energy storage and utilization, steel manufacturing, cement production and other chemical industries. 12,13 H 2 is a critical reagent in the Haber-Bosch process and green H 2 produced through water electrolysis could seamlessly substitute grey hydrogen (from SMR and WGSR), and pave the road for a significant reduction in CO 2 emissions. 3 More recently, electrocatalysis has been used for reducing CO 2 into CO or other valuable commodities.…”

Comparative Evaluation of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Technologies Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approaches

“…25 Technological maturity gauges the readiness of CCUS technologies for real-world deployment, while scalability assesses their potential for widespread application across various industries and geographic regions. 41 Safety and risk management criteria address potential hazards associated with CO 2 transportation, storage, and utilization. 38 Finally, regulatory compliance criteria assess the alignment of CCUS technologies with legal frameworks, policies, and standards governing carbon emissions reduction and environmental protection.…”

Hydrogen Combustion: Features and Barriers to Its Exploitation in the Energy Transition

“…Notably, this sector is responsible for 26% of the global energy system's CO 2 emissions [1]. Involving processes heavily relying on fossil fuels, the hard-to-abate sector is the most challenging in reducing pollutant emissions [72,109]: electrification is not a straightforward solution in most related industrial processes and the potential implementation of hydrogen opens some critical issues regarding the process itself and the quality of the product. Within the industrial landscape, hydrogen plays a role in utilizing 6% of the overall energy demand.…”