Routes of administration for nanocarriers

Nanomedicine and versatile therapies for cancer treatment

“…Some formulations, such as patches, may lead to patient discomfort, such as annoyance and irritation. The therapeutic is released slowly due to slow absorption in dermal delivery, so it is not acceptable where quick action of therapeutics is needed 190 …”

“…The therapeutic is released slowly due to slow absorption in dermal delivery, so it is not acceptable where quick action of therapeutics is needed. 190…”

Bacteriophages as nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic effects

“…Traditional/conventional DDSs include the most common and convenient ones: oral DDSs, involving the use of capsules, tablets, suspensions, and syrups adsorbed via the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) into the bloodstream; 7 parenteral DDSs, involving the intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous liquid drug passage, bypassing the GIT and rapidly reaching the bloodstream for fast pharmacological activities; 8 transdermal/topical DDSs, involving the direct topical application of therapeutic agents, including creams, lotions, ointments, gels, and patches on the skin barrier to reach the bloodstream; 9 pulmonary DDSs, involving the localised and rapid administration of therapeutic inhalable particles, such as powders, aerosols, and nebulisers into the lungs; 10 nasal DDSs, involving the administration of nasal drops and sprays through the nasal cavity into the bloodstream; 11 and recta and vaginal DDSs, involving the respective localised administration of drugs via the rectal and vaginal routes. 12 Although these DDSs have been studied and applied extensively, they face many challenges bordering on their efficacies, safety profiles, and patient compliance.…”

“…1 They are primarily aimed at improving therapeutic efficacy by providing the optimal or sustained release of bioactive agents; reducing administration frequency; ensuring continuous drug supply at therapeutic levels; achieving the targeted/specific delivery of drugs to the site of action; enhancing drug localisation; reducing off-target effects, minimising side effects; enhancing safety via the minimisation of systemic exposure; protecting drugs against enzymatic degradation, pH and other environmental conditions; improving drug stability and bioavailability; and increasing patient and treatment compliance and adherence. [2][3][4][5][6] Traditional/conventional DDSs include the most common and convenient ones: oral DDSs, involving the use of capsules, tablets, suspensions, and syrups adsorbed via the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) into the bloodstream; 7 parenteral DDSs, involving the intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous liquid drug passage, bypassing the GIT and rapidly reaching the bloodstream for fast pharmacological activities; 8 transdermal/ topical DDSs, involving the direct topical application of therapeutic agents, including creams, lotions, ointments, gels, and patches on the skin barrier to reach the bloodstream; 9 pulmonary DDSs, involving the localised and rapid administration of therapeutic inhalable particles, such as powders, aerosols, and nebulisers into the lungs; 10 nasal DDSs, involving the administration of nasal drops and sprays through the nasal cavity into the bloodstream; 11 and recta and vaginal DDSs, involving the respective localised administration of drugs via the rectal and vaginal routes. 12 Although these DDSs have been studied and applied extensively, they face many challenges bordering on their efficacies, safety profiles, and patient compliance.…”