“…The major task in a PID controller tuning is to find appropriate values of the controller parameters, not only to stabilize a given process but also to ensure fast and smooth closed-loop responses. There exist several strategies for the design or tuning of the multi-loop PID control strategy: (a) detuning (Luyben, 1986), (b) sequential loop closing (Mayne, 1973;Hovd & Skogestad, 1994), (c) iterative or trial and-error (Lee, Cho, & Edgar, 1998), (d) simultaneous equation solving (Wang, Lee, & Zhang, 1998), (e) independent methods (Economou & Morari, 1986;Skogestad & Morari, 1989;Hovd & Skogestad, 1993;Vu & Lee, 2010), (f) iterative optimization (Bao, Forbes, & Mclellan, 1999), (g) relay auto-tuning (Astrom & Hagglund, 1988) and (h) dimensionless parameter tuning approach via Routh-Hurwitz criteria (Mohd & Nandong, 2018) and multi-scale control approach (Nandong, 2015) and (Nandong & Zang, 2013).…”