Routine Gas Chromatographic Determination of Dialkylphosphate Metabolites in the Urine of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Organophosphorus Insecticides

Oglobline, Alex N.; O’Donnell, Gregory E.; Geyer, Robert P.; Holder, Gerald M.; Tattam, Bruce N.

doi:10.1093/jat/25.3.153

Cited by 26 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Dialkylphosphates, the major metabolites of OPs, have been determined in urine samples using gas chromatography (GC) [11,12], GC-MS [13][14][15], GC-MS-MS [16,17], and LC-MS-MS [18][19][20]. Their extraction procedures, however, are complicated and not specifi c for each OP [17].…”

Section: A Simple Methods For Detecting Fenitrothion Its Metabolite 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OPs, however, are rapidly metabolized in the human body, suggesting that in most cases, the monitoring of parent compounds in blood is not reliable. In contrast, urinary concentrations of OPs and/or their metabolites are usually higher than the serum levels, and are probably detectable for longer periods of time [10].Dialkylphosphates, the major metabolites of OPs, have been determined in urine samples using gas chromatography (GC) [11,12], GC-MS [13-15], GC-MS-MS [16,17], and LC-MS-MS [18-20]. Their extraction procedures, however, are complicated and not specifi c for each OP [17].…”

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confidence: 99%

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A simple method for detecting fenitrothion, its metabolite 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and other organophosphorus pesticides in human urine by LC-MS

et al. 2008

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acute OP poisoning is most commonly encountered in emergency or forensic medicine [2,3]. The majority of such cases are attempts of suicide; in Japan, the OP compound most commonly used for this purpose is fenitrothion, followed by malathion and dichlorvos [4].Fenitrothion is categorized as a "moderately hazardous compound" (WHO class II) and is extensively used in many countries, including Japan, Canada, and Australia [3,5]. Although its oral toxicity in rats is low, fenitrothion poisoning is often life threatening or fatal in humans [6,7]. The authors have recently developed a rapid and reliable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for detection of OPs, including fenitrothion, in human serum [8], and have reported that serum fenitrothion concentration is useful in predicting the severity and outcome of fenitrothion poisoning [9]. OPs, however, are rapidly metabolized in the human body, suggesting that in most cases, the monitoring of parent compounds in blood is not reliable. In contrast, urinary concentrations of OPs and/or their metabolites are usually higher than the serum levels, and are probably detectable for longer periods of time [10].Dialkylphosphates, the major metabolites of OPs, have been determined in urine samples using gas chromatography (GC) [11,12], GC-MS [13-15], GC-MS-MS [16,17], and LC-MS-MS [18-20]. Their extraction procedures, however, are complicated and not specifi c for each OP [17].3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol (MNP) is a specifi c metabolite of fenitrothion. A method was developed for detection of both fenitrothion and MNP in serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [21], but the validation of the analysis of fenitrothion and MNP has not been studied.Abstract A simple liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed and carefully validated for quantitation of fenitrothion, its metabolite 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and fi ve other organophosphorus pesticides (acephate, cyanophos, methidathion, ethyl p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate, and malathion) in human urine samples. Following deproteinization by acetonitrile, the extracts were injected into an LC system and quantitated by MS in the negative ionization mode. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.25-0.75 μg/ ml for each analyte, and the method was validated on its accuracy and precision over the concentration range of 1-15 μg/ml. The method was successfully applied to an actual poisoning case and should prove useful in clinical and forensic toxicology.

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Section: A Simple Methods For Detecting Fenitrothion Its Metabolite 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple method for detecting fenitrothion, its metabolite 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and other organophosphorus pesticides in human urine by LC-MS

et al. 2008

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“…[69][70][71][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86] These methods use liquid-liquid extraction with polar solvents such as ethyl acetate or diethyl ether, cyclohexyl solid phase extraction, or azeotropic distillation to isolate the DAPs from the urine matrix. The DAPs are derivatized using a variety of reagents but most often pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr).…”

Section: Op Insecticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomonitoring of exposure to pesticides

Barr¹

2008

J. Chem. Health Saf.

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Pesticides are widely used chemicals making human exposure to pesticides a realistic possibility. Biomonitoring is a common and useful tool for assessing human exposure to pesticides. For the past several decades, methods have been developed to measure a variety of pesticides in human urine or blood to evaluate exposures. Many of these methods have employed analytical techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry to accurately measure urinary metabolites or blood body burdens of several classes of pesticides. The pesticides assessed include the banned organochlorine pesticides, the more modern organophosphorus, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides along with a variety of herbicides including phenoxyacetic acids and triazines. These methods are capable of detecting concentrations in biological samples resulting from occupational exposures to pesticides, and in some instances, general background exposures from residential or dietary exposures. These data have been used for a variety of applications. They have documented the pervasiveness of pesticide exposures, have allowed us to determine the primary predictors of exposure in certain populations, have helped us to identify the most important pathways of exposure, and have helped us to better understand any potential risks associated with exposures. In addition, these methods have helped us to document poisoning cases and identify etiologic agents in crisis situations. We discuss the methods that have been employed over the last 40 years and how these methods have addressed critical public health questions.

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“…Therefore, another approach to the monitoring of organophosphates is based on the determination of these DAP in urine . Numerous methods have been proposed in this field [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Most of them are gas chromatography methods requiring derivatization prior to the analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of six dialkylphosphates in urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Dulaurent

Saint-Marcoux

Marquet

et al. 2006

Journal of Chromatography B

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Routine Gas Chromatographic Determination of Dialkylphosphate Metabolites in the Urine of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Organophosphorus Insecticides

Cited by 26 publications

References 5 publications

A simple method for detecting fenitrothion, its metabolite 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and other organophosphorus pesticides in human urine by LC-MS

A simple method for detecting fenitrothion, its metabolite 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and other organophosphorus pesticides in human urine by LC-MS

Biomonitoring of exposure to pesticides

Simultaneous determination of six dialkylphosphates in urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

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