Routing and Buffering Strategies in Delay-Tolerant Networks: Survey and Evaluation

Lo, Shou-Chih; Chiang, Min-Hua; Liou, Jhan-Hua; Gao, Jhih-Siao

doi:10.1109/icppw.2011.19

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…al. [39] determines that high-replication protocols of outperform protocols with lower replication in every case, even with constrained buffer size. In Routing Strategies for Delay-Tolerant Networks [35], Jones determines that hybrid protocols, which employ knowledge to vary the degree of replication on a learned by-encounter basis, are the best option for DTN routing.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Survey papers reviewed for this work include [20], [21], [23], [33], [35], [39], and [40]. While some of these papers predominantly summarize different theories and strategies behind routing decisions, others are grounded in real-world protocols.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also reviewed were three publications that specifically address evaluating DTN protocols, [8], [39], and [41]. Evaluation through simulation is the norm when working with DTN routing protocols because DTN evaluation is trending toward complex large-scale mobility models that require simulation to adequately evaluate, as mathematical descriptions of such complex systems using Markov models and differential equations are too simplistic to realistically represent the behavior of such systems [39].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simulation of mobility can be done in one of three ways: through a historical trace of the actual movement of real-world nodes in a system as done by Song in Evaluating opportunistic routing protocols with large realistic contact traces [41], through a randomized mobility generator, or through a scenario based partially on realistic characterization and partially on randomization as Grasic [8] and Lo [39] favor. When using either of the latter two, Grasic, [8], notes that constraints imposed by the context of the simulated scenario should be maintained across simulation trials.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…al. do in Routing and buffering strategies in delay-tolerant networks: Survey and evaluation [39], but the scenario settings are not included and delivery ratios are consistently under 20 percent using ONE. This appears abnormally low compared as compared to other simulation work and seems to indicate a very austere environment was simulated or there were simulation errors, possibly causing abnormal comparison data.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GAPR2: A DTN Routing Protocol for Communications in Challenged, Degraded, and Denied Environments

Killeen¹

2015

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words)This thesis explores the foundation of modern Disruption Tolerant Protocols. It introduces a previously unpublished protocol with high probability of delivery called the Geolocation Assisted Predictive Routing (GAPR) Protocol and implements Vector Routing for The ONE Simulator. GAPR and Vector are then combined and implemented as GAPR2, a new protocol that provides delivery ratio near the best in the field while incurring a quarter of the overhead. GAPR2, GAPR, and Vector, along with the most widely referenced DTN routing protocols (Epidemic, MaxProp, and PRoPHETv2) are extensively simulated and their performance evaluated using three mobility models: the Helsinki scenario, a random mobility model, and a military scenario based on a real-world annual exercise. The custom-built military mobility model uses GIS topographical data and custom GIS overlays to implement a realistic scenario terrain. The performance of each protocol is evaluated.This thesis shows through simulation that DTN networks can be employed to enhance communications capabilities without expensive infrastructure or significant platform upgrades. Further, this thesis shows through large-scale simulations that such a network is capable of operating over hundreds of square kilometers and provides the simulation framework to test future routing protocols or equipment configurations. SUBJECT TERMS ABSTRACTThis thesis explores the foundation of modern Disruption Tolerant Protocols. It introduces a previously unpublished protocol with high probability of delivery called the Geolocation Assisted Predictive Routing (GAPR) Protocol and implements Vector Routing for The ONE Simulator. GAPR and Vector are then combined and implemented as GAPR2, a new protocol that provides delivery ratio near the best in the field while incurring a quarter of the overhead. GAPR2, GAPR, and Vector, along with the most widely referenced DTN routing protocols (Epidemic, MaxProp, and PRoPHETv2) are extensively simulated and their performance evaluated using three mobility models: the Helsinki scenario, a random mobility model, and a military scenario based on a real-world annual exercise. The custom-built military mobility model uses GIS topographical data and custom GIS overlays to implement a realistic scenario terrain. The performance of each protocol is evaluated.This thesis shows through simulation that DTN networks can be employed to enhance communications capabilities without expensive infrastructure or significant platform upgrades. Further, this thesis shows through large-scale simulations that suc...

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GAPR2: A DTN Routing Protocol for Communications in Challenged, Degraded, and Denied Environments

Killeen¹

2015

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Enhanced fuzzy logic‐based spray and wait routing protocol for delay tolerant networks

Jain

Chawla

Soares

et al. 2014

Int J Communication

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Delay tolerant networks are a class of ad hoc networks that enable data delivery even in the absence of end-to-end connectivity between nodes, which is the basic assumption for routing in ad hoc networks. Nodes in these networks work on store-carry and forward paradigm. In addition, such networks make use of message replication as a strategy to increase the possibility of messages reaching their destination. As contact opportunities are usually of short duration, it is important to prioritize scheduling of messages. Message replication may also lead to buffer congestion. Hence, buffer management is an important issue that greatly affects the performance of routing protocols in delay tolerant networks. In this paper, Spray and Wait routing protocol, which is a popular controlled replication-based protocol for delay tolerant networks, has been enhanced using a new fuzzy-based buffer management strategy Enhanced Fuzzy Spray and Wait Routing, with the aim to achieve increased delivery ratio and reduced overhead ratio. It aggregates three important message properties namely number of replicas of a message, its size, and remaining time-to-live, using fuzzy logic to determine the message priority, which denotes its importance with respect to other messages stored in a node's buffer. It then intelligently selects messages to schedule when a contact opportunity occurs. Because determination of number of replicas of a message in the network is a difficult task, a new method for estimation of the same has been proposed. Simulation results show improved performance of enhanced fuzzy spray and wait routing in terms of delivery ratio and resource consumption. many real life applications such as mobile sensor networks for wildlife tracking, interplanetary communications, underwater networks, pocket switched networks, and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). [5]. These networks use a bundle layer, which is an overlay protocol lying between application layer and transport layer [5]. Bundles are arbitrary size messages consisting of multiple application packets, which are forwarded in store-carry and forward manner.Conventional ad hoc routing protocols fail to work in such environments as they lack continuous end-to-end connectivity between nodes because of frequent link disruptions. Therefore, such networks make use of store-carry-forward strategy to transfer messages between the nodes, that is, the nodes buffer the messages and transfer it when a contact opportunity arises, and this process is repeated until the message eventually reaches its destination. Similarly, a carry and forward scheme is used in VANETs [6]. This is also somewhat similar to the problem of data dissemination in wireless networks, which has been recently studied in [7], where the main objective is to spread a particular content in a network while guaranteeing a low completion time and also minimizing resource consumption. However, the delays between node meetings in DTNs may be very long varying from hours, days to years, and hence nodes must be capable of s...

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A Neighbor-Aware Congestion Control Mechanism for Delay-Tolerant Networks

Luo

2013

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Applications - Volume 1

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Routing and Buffering Strategies in Delay-Tolerant Networks: Survey and Evaluation

Cited by 25 publications

References 30 publications

GAPR2: A DTN Routing Protocol for Communications in Challenged, Degraded, and Denied Environments

GAPR2: A DTN Routing Protocol for Communications in Challenged, Degraded, and Denied Environments

Enhanced fuzzy logic‐based spray and wait routing protocol for delay tolerant networks

A Neighbor-Aware Congestion Control Mechanism for Delay-Tolerant Networks

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