Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

Shabbir, Noman; Hassan, Syed Rizwan

doi:10.5772/intechopen.70208

Cited by 57 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In [35], the authors studied different routing protocols for WSNs that aim to increase energy efficiency and network performance in terms of data latency. Most of the proposed solutions offered minimum energy consumption for WSN applications, however, such a solution unnoticed the optimal routing decisions and lead to degrading data delivery performance.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

EGCIR: Energy-Aware Graph Clustering and Intelligent Routing Using Supervised System in Wireless Sensor Networks

et al. 2020

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In recent times, the field of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has attained a growing popularity in observing the environment due to its dynamic factors. Sensor data are gathered and forwarded to the base station (BS) through a wireless transmission medium. The data from the BS is further distributed to end-users using the Internet for their post analysis and operations. However, all sensors except the BS have limited constraints in terms of memory, energy and computational resources that degrade the network performance concerning the network lifetime and trustworthy routing. Therefore, improving energy efficiency with reliable and secure transmissions is a valuable debate among researchers for critical applications based on low-powered sensor nodes. In addition, security plays a significant cause to achieve responsible communications among sensors due to their unfixed and variable infrastructures. Keeping in view the above-mentioned issues, this paper presents an energy-aware graph clustering and intelligent routing (EGCIR) using a supervised system for WSNs to balance the energy consumption and load distribution. Moreover, a secure and efficient key distribution in a hierarchy-based mechanism is adopted by the proposed solution to improve the network efficacy in terms of routes and links integrity. The experimental results demonstrated that the EGCIR protocol enhances the network throughput by an average of 14%, packet drop ratio by an average of 50%, energy consumption by an average of 13%, data latency by an average of 30.2% and data breaches by an average of 37.5% than other state-of-the-art protocols.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

EGCIR: Energy-Aware Graph Clustering and Intelligent Routing Using Supervised System in Wireless Sensor Networks

et al. 2020

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“…Routing protocols for WSNs are divided into three main categories: network organization-based routing protocols, where the protocols are classified as flat-based routing, hierarchical-based routing, and location-based routing (geo-centric); route discovery-based routing protocols, where the protocols are classified as reactive protocols, proactive protocols, and hybrid protocols; and operation-based routing protocols, where the protocols are classified as multi-path routing protocols, query-based routing protocols, negotiation-based routing protocols, QoS-based routing protocols, and coherent data processing routing protocols [20]. Designing a successful protocol for WSNs must achieve both energy efficiency and balance.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variance of the Expected data forwarding, it is given by Equation (20) for the source node n i .…”

Section: F Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

PDTR: Probabilistic and Deterministic Tree-based Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

Ghoul

Djaidja

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This paper proposed a "Probabilistic and Deterministic Tree-based Routing for WSNs (PDTR)". The PDTR builds a tree from the leaves to the head (sink), according to the best elements in the initial probabilistic routing table, measured by the product of hops-count distribution, and transmission distance distribution, to select the best tree-paths. Each sender node forwards the received data to the next hop via the deterministic built tree. After that, when any node loses of its energy, PDTR updates the tree at that node. This update links probabilistically one of that node's children to a new parent, according to the updated probabilistic routing table, measured by the product of the updated: Hops-count distribution, transmission distance distribution, and residual energy distribution at the loss of e energy. By implementing the control parameters in each distribution, PDTR shows the impact of each distribution in the routing path. These control parameters are oriented by the user for different performances. The simulation results prove that selecting the initial best paths to root the packets via unicast, then improving the tree at the node with loss of energy by rooting the packets via anycast, leads to better performance in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime. of 22positions, through other localization technologies [2,3]. Other proposed WSN localization technologies are based on different measurement techniques such as the time-of-arrival (TOA), angle-of-arrival (AOA), and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) [4][5][6][7]. Later,in [8,9], the cooperative localization technology was developed for hybrid networks containing mobile and static sensors. Recently,in [10], the authors proposed a centralized expectation maximization-based passive localization technology for asynchronous receivers (EMplLaR). Being aware of the nodes' location allows the use of many power control techniques to reduce energy consumption.Data forwarding toward the sink via deterministic protocols may cause quick energy depletion for some nodes, due to the sender node's forwarder unique choice, which causes a topology disruption, thus a quick network death. Meanwhile, the probabilistic routing approach came with the improvement, such that each sensor has to select its forwarder from a set of its candidates according to their routing probabilities, based on its neighborhood knowledge, thus providing a longer network lifetime.From the existing probabilistic and deterministic protocols, we concluded that to minimize the energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime, the protocol should depend on three factors. Reference [11] proposed a Hop-based Routing Protocol based on an Energy Efficient Minimum Spanning Tree for WSN. From the simulation results, it was proved that the proposed protocol improved the network in terms of energy consumption and lifetime extension, hence the importance of the hop-count factor. Article [12] also considered this factor in the presented protocol called (STDD). The authors in [13] showed tha...

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“…Conversely, the OBDC needs more time than the OBC method. In [24] they presented evaluating the performance of an algorithm to preserve temporal relationships of events which contains two modules that handle the issues of ordering the temporal events and also the synchronization of time. They also suggest an algorithm for tunable time synchronization that employs a synchronization scheme that suits for clustered topology.…”

Section: Preserving Temporal Relationships Of the Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs): Insights and Scope of Research

Janardhan*¹,

Nandhini²

2019

IJITEE

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Recent years are witnessing the growth of different kinds of networks including Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs). WSANs are self-configured and ad-hoc natured networks without any permanent infrastructure that consists of numerous sensor nodes and few actuator nodes that can collaboratively monitor the characteristics of physical and environmental conditions like vibration, sound, temperature, pressure, motion or pollutants, and determine an appropriate action to take depending upon the sensed data, thereby changing the state of the field of interest by performing the suitable action in it. We can say it as an advancement of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with the inclusion of actuating component. Along with the existing research challenges of WSNs, the WSANs have many additional research challenges to be addressed. This paper gives an insight into the scope of ongoing and future research in the aspect of preserving temporal relationship among the events, restoring the connectivity in case of node failures, need for QoS parameters, along with several operational details of WSANs.

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Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

Cited by 57 publications

References 4 publications

EGCIR: Energy-Aware Graph Clustering and Intelligent Routing Using Supervised System in Wireless Sensor Networks

EGCIR: Energy-Aware Graph Clustering and Intelligent Routing Using Supervised System in Wireless Sensor Networks

PDTR: Probabilistic and Deterministic Tree-based Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs): Insights and Scope of Research

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