Rovibrational Energy Transitions and Coupled Chemical Reaction Modeling of H+H₂and He+H₂in DSMC

Abstract

A method of describing the rovibrational energy transitions and coupled chemical reactions in the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) calculations is constructed for H( 2 S)+H2(X 1 ∑g) and He( 1 S)+H2(X 1 ∑g). First, the state-specific total cross sections for each rovibrational states are proposed to describe the state-resolved elastic collisions. The state-resolved method is constructed to describe the rotational-vibrational-translational (RVT) energy transitions and coupled chemical reactions by these state-specific total cross sections and the rovibrational state-to-state transition cross sections of bound-bound and bound-free transitions. The RVT energy transitions and coupled chemical reactions are calculated by the state-resolved method in various heat bath conditions without relying on a macroscopic properties and phenomenological models of the DSMC. In nonequilibrium heat bath calculations, the state-resolved method are validated with those of the master equation calculations and the existing shock-tube experimental data. In bound-free transitions, the parameters of the existing chemical reaction models of the DSMC are proposed through the calibrations in the thermochemical nonequilibrium conditions. When the bound-free transition component of the state-resolved method is replaced by the existing chemical reaction models, the same agreement can be obtained except total collision energy model.

Multi-jet propulsion organized by clonal development in a colonial siphonophore

“…Consequently, collaborative interactions among propulsive units are critical for colonial swimmers. In addition, the growing sophistication of distributed propulsion vehicles 7 8 depends on increased understanding of propulsor coordination and opens the potential for biologically inspired solutions to contribute to human-engineered underwater vehicle designs.…”